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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Psychoanalytic theories |
Theories proposing that developmental change happens because of the influence of internal drives and emotions |
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Id |
In Freud's theory, the part of the personality that comprises a person's basic sexual and aggressive impulses; it contains the libido and motivates a person to seek pleasure and avoid pain. |
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Ego |
According to Freud, the thinking element of personality |
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Superego |
Freud's term for the part of personality that is the moral judge |
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Psychosexual stages |
Freud's five stages of personality development through which children move in fixed sequence determined by maturation; the libido is centered in a different body part in each stage |
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Psychosocial stages |
Erikson's eight stages, or crises, of personality development in which inner instincts interact with outer cultural and social demands to shape personality |
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Behaviorism |
The view that defines development in terms of behavior changes caused by environmental influences |
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Learning theories |
Theories asserting that development results from and accumulation of experiences |
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Classical conditioning |
Learning that results from the association of stimuli |
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Operant conditioning |
Learning to repeat or stop behaviors because of their consequences |
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Reinforcement |
Anything that follows a behavior and causes it to be repeated |
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Punishment |
Anything that follows a behavior and causes it to stop |
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Extinction |
the gradual elimination of a behavior through repeated nonreinforcement |
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Observational learning, or modeling |
Learning that results from seeing a model reinforced of punished for a behavior |
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Cognitive theories |
Theories that emphasize mental processes in development |
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Scheme |
In Piaget's theory, an internal cognitive structure that provides an individual with a procedure to use in a specific circumstance |
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Assimilation |
The process of using a scheme as a result of some new information |
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Accomodation |
Changing a scheme as a result of some new information |
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Equilibration |
The process of balancing assimilation and accommodation to create schemes that fit the enviroment |
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Sociocultural theory |
Vygotsky's view that complex forms of thinking have their origins in social interactions rather than an individuals private explorations |
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Information-processing theory |
A theoretical perspective that uses the computer as a model to explain how the mind manages information |
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neo- Piagetian theory |
An approach that uses information processing principles to explain the developmental stages identified by Piaget |
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Behavior genetics |
The study of the role of heredity in individual differences |
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Ethology |
A perspective on development that empathizes genetically determined survival behaviors presumed to have evolved through natural selection |
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Sociobiology |
The study of society using the methods and concepts of biology; when used by developmentalists, and approach that emphasizes genes that aid group survival |
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Bioecological theory |
Bronfenbrenner's theory that explains development in terms of relationships between individuals and their environments or interconnected contexts |
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Eclecticism |
The use of multiple theoretical perspectives to explain and study human development |