Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
79 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Define psychology
|
The SCIENTIFIC study of behavior and mental processes
|
|
What is scientific observation?
|
An empirical investigation that is structured to answer questions about the world
|
|
What is research method
|
A systematic approach to answering scientific questions
|
|
What is an animal model?
|
In research, an animal whose behavior is used to discover principles that may apply to human behavior.
|
|
Wha is description in the scientific research?
|
It is the process of naming and classifying
|
|
What is an understanding in psychology?
|
It is achieved when the causes of a behavior can be stated
|
|
What is prediction?
|
It is an ability to accurately forecast behavior
|
|
What is control?
|
It is altering conditions that influence behavior
|
|
Who is Wilhelm Wundt? What is he known for?
|
The "father of psychology" who set up the first psychological laboratory to study conscious experience
|
|
What is stimulus?
|
Any physical energy that affects a person and evokes a response
|
|
What is introspection?
|
to look within; to examine one's own thoughts, feelings, or sensations
|
|
What is structuralism?
|
The school of thought concerned with analyzing sensations and personal experience into basic elements
|
|
Who is William James? What did he do?
|
An American scholar who broadened psychology to include animal behavior, religious experience, abnormal behavior, and other interesting topics
|
|
What is functionalism?
|
School of psychology concerned with how behavior and mental abilities help people adapt to their environments
|
|
What is natural selection?
|
Darwin's theory that evolution favors those plants and animals best suited to their living conditions
|
|
Who came up with the theory of behaviorism? What is behaviorism?
|
John B. Watson; it is a school of psychology that emphasizes the study of ovret, observable behavior
|
|
Who is B.F. Skinner?
|
A behaviorist who believed that our actions are controlled by rewards, or positive reinforcers; he created the "Skinner box" where he presented stimuli to animals and record their responses
|
|
What is a response?
|
Any muscular action, gladular activity, or other identifiable aspect of behavior
|
|
Cognitive behaviorism
|
An approach that combines behavioral principles with cognition (perception, thinking, anticipation) to explain behavior
|
|
Gestalt psychology
|
A school of psychology emphasizing the study of thinking, learning, and perception in whole units, not by analysis into parts
|
|
Who is Sigmund Freud?
|
An Austrian doctor who was developing his own psychology theories. According to him, our behavior is deeply influenced by unconscious thoughts, impulses, and desires-especially those concerning sex and aggression.
|
|
What is Freud known for?
|
Creating psychoanalysis, the first "talking therapy"
|
|
What is the unconcious?
|
Contents of the mind that re beyond awareness, especially impulses anddesires not directly known to a person
|
|
What is psychoanalysis
|
A Freudian approach to psychotherapy emphasizing the exploration of unconscious conflicts
|
|
What is psychodynamic theory
|
Any theory of behavior that emphasizes internal conflicts, motives, and unconscious forces
|
|
Who were the "foremothers" of psychology?
|
Mary Calkins, Christine Ladd-Franklin, and Margaret Washburn
|
|
Who is Abraham Maslow?
|
The founder of humanistic psychology. He was interested in studying people of exceptional mental health
|
|
What is humanism?
|
An approach to psychology that focuses on himan experience, problems, potentials, and ideals
|
|
What is determinism?
|
The idea that all behavior has prior causes that would completely explain one's choices and actions if all such causes were known
|
|
What is free will?
|
The idea that human beings are capable of freely making choices or decisions
|
|
What is self-actualitzation?
|
The process of fully developing one's personal potentials
|
|
What are the five major views that shape modern psychology?
|
Psychodynamic, behavioristic, humanistic views, cognitive and biopsychological perspectives
|
|
What is positive psychology?
|
It is the study ofhuman strengths, virtues, and effective functioning
|
|
What is cultural relativity?
|
The idea that behavior must be judged relative to the values of the culture in which it occurs
|
|
What is a social norm?
|
Unspoken rules that define acceptable and expected behavior for members of a group
|
|
What is a psychologist?
|
A person highly trained in the methods, factual knowledge, and theories of psychology
|
|
What is a clinical psychologist?
|
A psychologist who specializes in the treatment of psychological and behavioral disturbances or who does research on such disturbances
|
|
What is a counseling psychologist?
|
A psychologist who specializes in the treatment of MILDER emotional and behavioral disturbances
|
|
What is a psychiatrist?
|
A medical doctor with additional training in the diagnosis and treatment of mental and emotional disorders
|
|
What is a psychoanalyst?
|
A mental health professional (usually a medical doctor) trained to practice psychoanalysis
|
|
What is a counselor?
|
A mental health professional who specializes in helping people with problems not involving SERIOUS mental disorder; for example, marriage counselors, career counselors, or school counselors
|
|
What is a psychiatric social worker?
|
A mental health professional trained to apply social science principles to help patients in clinics and hospitals
|
|
What is a scientific method?
|
Testing the truth of a proposition by careful measurement and controlled observation
|
|
What is a hypothesis?
|
It is the predicted outcome of an experiment or an educated guess about the relatinship between variables
|
|
What is an operational definition?
|
Defining a scientific concept by stating the specific actions or procedures used to measure it. For example, "hunger" might be defined as "the number of hours of food deprivation."
|
|
What is a theory?
|
A system of ideas designed to interrelate concepts and facts in a way that summarizes existing data and predicts future observations
|
|
How do psychologists gather evidence and test hypotheses?
|
Through naturalistic observation, correlational method, experimental method, clinical method, and survey method
|
|
What is a naturalistic observation?
|
Observing behavior as it unfolds in natural settings
|
|
What is correlational method?
|
Making measurements to discover relationships between events
|
|
What is experimental method
|
Investigating behavior through controlled experimentation
|
|
What is survey method?
|
using questionnaires and surveys to poll large groups of people.
|
|
What is an observer effect?
|
The changes in behavior brought about by an awareness of being observed.
|
|
What is anthropomorphic error?
|
The error of attributing human thoughts, feelings, or motives to animals, especially as a way of explaining their behavior.
|
|
What is correlation?
|
The existence of a consistent, systematic relationship between two events, measures, or variables.
|
|
What is correlational study?
|
A non-experimental study designed to measure the degree of relationship (if any) between two or more events, measures, or variables.
|
|
What is coefficient of correlation?
|
A statistical index ranging from -1.00 to +1.00 that indicates the direction and degree of correlation.
|
|
What is a positive correlation?
|
An increase in one measure is matched by an increase in another measure.
|
|
What is a negative correlation?
|
An increase in one measure that is associated with a decrease in another measure.
|
|
What is an experiment?
|
A formal trial undertaken to confirm or disconfirm a fact or principle.
|
|
What is an independent variable?
|
In an experiment, the condition being investigated a s apossible cause of some change in behavior. the values that this variable takes are chosen by the experimenter.
|
|
What is dependent variable?
|
In an experiment, the condition (usually a behavior) that is affected by the independent variable.
|
|
What is extraneous variable?
|
Conditions or factors excluded from influencing the outcome of an experiment.
|
|
What is experimental group?
|
In a controlled experiment, the group of subjects exposed to the independent variable or experimental condition.
|
|
What is control group?
|
In a controlled experiment, the group of subjects exposed to all experimental conditions or variables except the independent variable.
|
|
What is random assignment?
|
The use of chance (for example, flipping a coin) to assign subjects to experimental and control groups.
|
|
What is the placebo affect?
|
Changes in behavior due to expectations that a drug (or other treatment) will have some effect.
|
|
What is a single-blind experiment?
|
An arrangement in which subjects remain unaware of whether they are in the experimental group or the control group.
|
|
What is a double-blind experiment?
|
An arrangement in which both subjects and experimenters are unaware of whether subjects are in the experimental group or the control group.
|
|
What is the experimenter effect?
|
Changes in subjects' behavior caused by the unintended influence of an experimenter's actions.
|
|
What is a case study?
|
An in-depth focus of all aspects of a single person.
|
|
What is natural clinical test?
|
A natural event that provides data on a psychological phenomenon.
|
|
What is survey method?
|
The use of public polling techniques to answer psychological questions.
|
|
What is representative sample?
|
A small, randomly selected part of a larger population that accurately reflects characteristics of the whole population.
|
|
What is courtesy bias?
|
The tendency to give "polite" or socially desirable answers.
|
|
What is critical thinking?
|
An ability to evaluate, compare, analyze, critiques, and synthesize information.
|
|
What is psedopsychology?
|
Any false and unscientific system of beliefs and practices that is offered as an explanation of behavior.
|
|
What is unciritical acceptance?
|
The tendency to believe generally positive or flattering descriptions of oneself.
|
|
What is fallacy to positive instances?
|
The tendency to remember or notice information that fits one's expectations while forgetting discrepancies.
|
|
What is the Barnum effect?
|
The tendency to consider a personal description accurate if it is stated in very general terms.
|