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12 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
STRESS as a risk factor for addictive behaviours |
*AB aim to relieve the stress arising from daily hassles, such as relationship, financial and workplace problems. |
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STRESS as a risk factor for smoking and gambling |
*SMOKING:- Smokers report that smoking reduces stress; but in reality it doesn’t. Hajek (2001) reportes that smoking MAY only reduce the stress that occurs as a result of needing to smoke. |
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STRESS as a risk factor for addictive behaviours |
+ As different individuals have different levels of stress in their lives, it can be a good way to explain individual differences in addictive behaviour. |
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AGE as a risk factor for addictive behaviours |
Young adolescents are more likely to be influenced by their peer group in early adolescence, but this influence decreases as they age, whereby romantic relationships and close friends, and later work colleagues, become more influential in the development and maintenance of AB. |
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AGE as a risk factor for smoking and gambling |
*SMOKING: Adolescent brains are different to Adult brains. Shram (2008) found that adolescent rats were more sensitive to the rewarding effects of nicotine and less sensitive to its aversive effects compared to adult rats. Are adolescents more susceptible to nicotine than adults? |
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AGE as a risk factor for addictive behaviours |
- Little research regarding the AB in adolescents and children because of i) ethical restrictions relating to the potential for psychological harm, ii) Teenagers may be unwilling to reveal AB because of the threat of sanctions. |
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PERSONALITY as a risk factor for addictive behaviours |
* Eysenck proposed that personalities that were high in Neuroticism and Psychoticism were more prone to AB. |
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PERSONALITY as a risk factor for smoking and gambling |
*SMOKING & GAMBLING : Buckholtz (2010) found persons high in impulsivity and attention seeking had a more sensitive dopamine response system, meaning that they were less concerned with the consequences of their behaviour e.g. health risks from smoking OR debt from gambling. |
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PERSONALITY as a risk factor for addictive behaviours |
- Most research is correlational. Certain traits may be present in people with AB but this may be coincidence or due to a third factor. It’s difficult to see whether the AB was caused by the person’s personality or the AB caused a change in personality. |
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PEERS as a risk factor for addictive behaviours |
* Social Learning Theory proposes that we observe and imitate the AB of our peers |
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PEERS as a risk factor for smoking and gambling |
*SMOKING: Karcher and Finn found that adolescents who had close friends that smoked were up to 8 times more likely to smoke than those adolescents who had close friends that did not smoke. They reported that the influence of peers was higher than that of parents or siblings in adolescents. |
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PEERS as a risk factor for addictive behaviours |
- It can’t explain individual differences. Mitchell reports we don’t know how influential peer groups are and why some adolescents do not adhere to peer group norms, perhaps it conflict with individual interest? |