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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Neurochemistry |
Chemical composition and processes of the NS |
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Neuropharmocology |
Compounds that selectively affect the NS |
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Endogenous |
Occurs naturally within the body |
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Exogenous |
Substances from outside the body, used to affect our physiology and behavior |
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Agonist |
Mimic effects of another transmitter |
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Antagonists |
Bind receptor without activating it |
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Inverse agonist |
Bind to receptor and initiates opposite effect or usual transmitter |
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Co localization |
Co release |
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Amino Acid NT |
GABA, Glutamate |
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Quaternary amine NT |
ACh |
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Monoamimes |
Catecolamimes: DEN Indoleamines: serotonin(5-HT), melatonin |
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Neuropeptides |
Opioid: endorphins Other NP: oxytocin |
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Gases |
Nitric oxide, carbon monoxide |
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Glutamate |
Mist prevalent exitatory NT, associated with excitotoxicity. Also aspertate |
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GABA |
Gamma-aminobutyric acid. Most prevalent inhibitory NT |
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Valium |
GABA agonist, powerful tranquilizer |
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Cholinergic Pathway |
-lost in Alzheimer's -involved in learning and memory -nicotinic (muscles) and muscarinic (cognition) |
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Dopamine pathways |
-mesostriatal: motor control, Parkinson's, basal ganglia -mesolimbocortical: reward, learning, schizophrenia, limbic system |
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Noradrenergic Pathway |
-NE released from locus coeruleus (pons) and lateral regimental system -mood, arousal, sexual behavior |
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Serotonin |
-sleep, mood, sexual behavior, anxiety -antidepressants increase 5-HT (Prozac) |
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Gaseous NT functions |
-retrograde transmitters -learning, memory, hair growth, penile erection |
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Psychoactive drug |
Compounds that alter the functioning of the brain and conscious experience |
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Metabolic tolerance |
Organs get better at processing the drugs |
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Functional tolerance |
Change in sensitivity of the receptors on neurons. Up/down regulate |
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Down regulate |
In response to agonist |
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Up regulate |
In response to antagonist |
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Cross tolerance |
Tolerance built up for one type of drug helps build tolerance for drugs in the same family |
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Local anesthetics |
Block Na channels, blocking APs |
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Three ways drugs effect synaptic transmission |
1. Transmitter production 2. NT release 3. NT clearing |
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Colochicine |
Inhibits microtubule maintenance |
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Reserpine |
Inhibits catecolamimes storage in vesicles |
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Tetrodotoxin |
Pufferfish, blocks Na channels, no APs |
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Amphetamine |
Stimulates release of catecolamimes without an AP |
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Caffine |
Blocks effect adenosine (autoreceptor that inhibits catacholamine release) |
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Transporter |
Specialized proteins thst return the transmitter to the presynaptic membrane |
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Cholinesterase inhibitors |
Inhibits breakdown of ACh at synapse, prolonged muscle contraction |
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Antipsychotic drugs |
(Neuroleptics) Treat schizophrenia. Typical: selective dopamine antagonists, positive symptoms Atypical: block dopamine and serotonin, negative symptoms |
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Curare |
Blocks nicotinic ACh receptors |
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Nicotine |
Activates ACh receptors |
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LSD |
Agonist at serotonin receptors |
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Alcohol |
Up regulates (increases) number of receptors for GABA |
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Chlorpromazine |
Typical antispychotic |
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Haloperidol |
Typical autopsycotic |
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Loxapine |
Typical antipsychotic |
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Clozapine |
Atypical antipsychotic |
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MAOIs |
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors, keep monoamine in synapse longer (Blocks breakdown) |
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Tricyclics |
SSRI, Prozac, Zoloft |
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SNRI |
Selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors |
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Antoanxiety |
-Anxoilytics (depressents-GABA) -barbiturates -Benzodiazepine Agonist (Valium). -Steroids (allopregnalone -Steroids (allopregnalone
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GABA inhibitor |
Let's Cl into cell. Has many differnt ligand receptor sites |
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Herion |
Opiate drug |
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Marijuna |
-THC -endocannabinoids- retrograde messengers, anandamide -depressive and stimulative effects |
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Nicotine |
- increases heart rate, blood pressure, HCl secretion, bowel activity -Agonist on nicotine ACh receptors |
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Cocaine |
-purified coca extract -blocks Monoamine NT reuptake -side effects: stroke, psychosis, mood disturbances |
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Amphetamine/Methamphetamine |
-Triple threat attack 1. Lots of NT released without AP 2. Blocks reuptake 3. Alternate target for enzymes that inactivate catacholamines -rapid addiction and tolerance -prolonged use looks like paranoid schizophrenia |
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Dependence |
The desire to self-administer a drug of abuse -patterns of consumption, craving, impact on life -more severe than substance abuse |
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Nucleus accumbens |
Where many addictive drugs cause dopamine release |
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Ventral tegmental area |
Reward pathway. Addictive powder of drugs may come from stimulating this pathway |
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Cue induced drug use |
Increases likelihood of using a drug because factors are present that were also present when the drug was last used |
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Explain how classical conditioning leads to drug overdose |
CS- environment US- drug CR- high UR- high |