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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Learning
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A relatively permanent change in behavior that results from experience
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Classical Conditioning
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a type of learning that occurs when a neutral stimulus becomes paired with a stimulus that causes a reflexive behavior and, in time, is sufficient to produce that behavior
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unconditioned stimulus
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a stimulus that elicits an automatic response without requiring prior learning
food |
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unconditioned response
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the reflexive response elicited by a particular stimulus
salivation |
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conditioned stimulus
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an originally neutral stimulus that acquires significance through pairings with an unconditioned stimulus
tone |
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conditioned response
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a response that depends on pairings of the conditioned stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus
once learned, the conditioned response occurs when the conditioned stimulus is presented alone |
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acquisition
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the initial learning of the conditioned response
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Extinction Classical Conditioning
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A conditioned response comes to be eliminated through repeated presentations of the conditioned stimulus without the presence of the unconditioned stimulus
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spontaneous recovery Classical Conditioning
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the event that occurs when the classical stimulus again elicits the classical response after extinction has occurred
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stimulus generalization classical conditioning
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a tendency for the classical response to be elicited by neutral stimuli that are like, but not identical to, the conditioned response
the response generalizes to similar stimuli |
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stimulus discrimination classical conditioning
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the ability to distinguish among stimuli similar to the conditional stimulus and to respond only to the actual conditional stimulus
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food/taste aversion
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a classically conditioned avoidance of a certain food or taste
can occur after once instance |
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operant conditioning
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the process by which a behavior becomes associated with its consequences
also called instrumental conditioning |
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law of effect
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actions that subsequently lead to a "satisfying state of affairs" are more likely to be repeated
cat, box, fish |
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reinforcement
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the process by which consequences lead to an increase in the likelihood that the response will occur again
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rreinforcer
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an object or event that comes after a response and that changes the likelihood of its recurrence
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positive reinforcement
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occurs when a desired reinforcer is presented after a behavior, thereby increasing the likelihood of a recurrence of that behavior
food |
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negative reinforcement
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occurs when an unpleasant event or circumstance that follows a behavior is removed, thereby increasing the likelihood of a recurrence of the behavior
removing chores |
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positive punishment
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occurs when a behavior leads to an undesired consequence, thereby decreasing the likelihood of a recurrence of that behavior
beating |
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negative punishment
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occurs when a behavior leads to the removal of a pleasant event or circumstance, thereby decreasing the likelihood of a recurrence of the behavior
taking away car |
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primary reinforcers
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an event or object, such as food, water, or relief from pain, that is inherently reinforcing
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secondary reinforcers
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an event or object, such as attention, praise, money, a good grade, or promotion, that is reinforcing but that does no inherently satisfy a physical need
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generalization operant conditioning
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the ability to emit a learned behavior in response to a similar stimulus
wipe nose with tissue wipe nose with soft things--- sleeve, pillow |
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discrimination operant conditioning
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the ability to engage in a learned behavior in response to a particular stimulus but not in response to a similar one
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discriminative stimulus operant conditioning
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the cue that tells the organism whether a specific response will lead to the expected reinforcement
red light -- car dont stomp foot while walking |
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extinction operant conditioning
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in operant conditioning, the fading out of a response following an initial burst of that behavior after the withdrawal of reinforcement
losing money in vending machine |
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spontaneous recovery operant conditioning
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in OC, the process by which an old response reappears if there is a period of time after extinction
try vending machine after a month |
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shaping
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the gradual process of reinforcing an organism for behavior that gets closer to the desired behavior
training someone to jump high, dont normally jump high -- so you cant reward it |
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continuous reinforcement
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reinforcement given for each desired response
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partial reinforcement
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reinforcement given only intermittently
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interval schedule
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partial reinforcement schedule based on time
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ratio schedule
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partial reinforcement schedule based on a specified number of emitted responses
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fixed interval schedule
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reinforcement schedule in which reinforcement is given for a response emitted after a fixed interval of time
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variable interval schedule
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reinforcement schedule in which reinforcement is given for a response emitted after a variable interval of time
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fixed ratio schedule
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reinforcement schedule in which reinforcement is given after a fixed number of responses
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variable ratio schedules
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reinforcement schedule in which reinforcement is given after a variable number or responses
slot machines |
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observational learning
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learning that occurs through watching others, not through reinforcement
bobo dolls |