Psci-101 Final Exam

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Crater

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bowl shaped feature on the moon

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Plains

Back 2

called maria (Latin for "seas") by Galileo

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Rays

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pulverized rock thrown out on crater formation

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Rills

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long, narrow trenches on the moon

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Mountain ranges

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in circular patterns bordering the moon's great plains

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Fault

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a break or fracture along surface which movement has occurred

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Age of lunar rocks

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3.1 to 4.4 billion years

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Waxing phase

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illuminated portion of moon getting LARGER

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Waning phase

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illuminated portion of moon getting SMALLER

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Crescent moon

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LESS than one half of moon's observed surface illuminated

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Gibbous moon

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MORE than one half of moon's observed surface illuminated

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New moon

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phase where none of moon's observed is illuminated for an observer on Earth, occurs at 12 noon local solar time

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First-quarter moon

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phase where one half of moon's surface is illuminated for an observer on Earth, occurs at 6 p.m. local solar time

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Full moon

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phase where all of moon's surface is illuminated for an observer on Earth, occurs at 12 midnight local solar time

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Last-quarter moon

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phase where one half of moon's surface is illuminated for an observer on Earth, occurs at 6 a.m. local solar time

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Period for Phases of Moon

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29.5 days

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Eclipse

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darkening of one celestial body by another

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Umbra

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darkest, smallest region of the shadow during eclipse

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Penumbra

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semi-dark region of the shadow during an eclipse

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Solar eclipse

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event when moon's position is between the Sun and Earth and blocks the image of the Sun

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Total solar eclipse

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when the Sun's surface is totally obscured by the moon

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Partial solar eclipse

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when only a portion of Sun's surface is obscured by the moon

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Annular eclipse

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solar eclipse with bright ring

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Lunar eclipse

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event when Earth's position is between the Sun and moon and casts a shadow onto the moon

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Total lunar eclipse

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entire face of moon obscured

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Tides

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rise and fall of the ocean's surface due to gravitational forces of Sun and moon

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Spring tide

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maximum variation in tides, occurs at new and full moons when Sun and moon's gravitational forces combine

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Neap tide

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minimum variation in tides, occurs at first-quarter and last-quarter phases of the moon when Sun and moon's gravitational forces cancel

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Asteroids

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millions of planetary bodies predominantly found between Mars and Jupiter, sizes range from 100's of kilometers to a few kilometers in diameter

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Meteoroid

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interplanetary metallic and stony objects that range in size from millimeters to few hundred of meters

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Meteor

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a meteoroid that enters Earth's atmosphere and gives off light due to friction of air

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Meteorite

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a meteor that strikes the Earth's surface and is not burned up in Earth's atmosphere

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Comet

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small object composed of dust and ice that revolves around the Sun in highly elliptical orbit

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Oort cloud

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vast reservoir of long-term comets, far beyond orbit of Pluto

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Kuiper belt

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source region of short-term comets, between orbits of Neptune and Pluto

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Interplanetary dust

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also know as micrometeoroids, observed from Earth by 2 phenomena

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Moons of Mars

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called Phobos and Deimos, very small size and thought to be captured asteroids

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Galilean moons of Jupiter

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called lo, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto, discovered by Galileo in 1610

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Titan

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largest moon of Saturn, the 2nd largest moon in the solar system

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Triton

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largest moon of Neptune

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Charon

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moon of Pluto

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Celestial sphere

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the huge imaginary dome with Earth at its center, on which the stars appear to be mounted

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Declination

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celestial latitude on the celestial sphere

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Right ascension

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celestial longitude on the celestial sphere,

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Celestial prime meridian

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half-circle that passes through the vernal equinox, the north celestial pole

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Ecliptic

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the apparent path of the Sun traces annually on the celestial sphere

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Celestial equator

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extension of Earth's equator on the celestial sphere

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Light year

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the distance light travels in a time of one year

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Parsec

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the distance to a star that exhibits a parallax of 1 second of arc

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Absolute magnitude

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the brightness at star would have at a distance of 10 pc

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Apparent magnitude

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the brightness of a celestial object as observed from the Earth

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H-R diagram

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the chart obtained when absolute magnitude of stars is plotted against their temperature

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Red Giants

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large, cool stars to H-R diagram

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Main sequence

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the narrow band of stars to H-R diagram

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Nebulae

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cool, dense clouds in space

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Brown dwarfs

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failed stars

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Protostar

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name given to nebula before it came a star

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Planetary nebulae

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a shell of material ejected

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White dwarfs

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hot, small, very dim stars

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Nova

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relative small nuclear explosion

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Supernova

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the most catastrophic explosion

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Neutron star

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a super dense star

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Pulsar

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fast rotating neutron star

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Black hole

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an object not even light can escape

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Singularity

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extremely dense point in the black hole at the center

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Event horizon

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boundary around the black hole from which no matter can escape

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Nucleosynthesis

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the creation of nuclei

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Sunspots

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dark patches of material on the sun

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Flares

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explosively ejected in space from Sun's surface

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Prominences

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enormous filaments of gas that return to Sun's surface

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Chromosphere

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layer of Sun above the photosphere

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Corona

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Sun's most outer layer

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Solar wind

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charged particles that stream out into space from the sun

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Core of Sun

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interior of Sun were nuclear reactions convert hydrogen to helium and energy

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Photosphere

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the bright, visible surface of the sun

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Proton-proton chain

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the series of three reactions by which hydrogen is fused

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Globular clusters

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a halo of about 200 of these surrounded by the milky way

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Galaxy

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a large collection of stars

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Universe

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the totality of all matter, energy, and space

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Local group

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the 40 or so galaxies of which the milky way is a member