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170 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
GIT
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gastro intestinal tract
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Functions of GIT
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*acquire nutrients
*immune protection |
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Interior of GIT is actually
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outside of the animal
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Digestion
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the breakdown of food particles and their nutrients into a size suitable for absorption
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Absorption
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intake of nutrients across cell membranes into the blood or lumen
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"digested"
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feed has been broken down
often implies breakdown and absorption |
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Prevent absorption?
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internal parasites or bacterial gut infection
*causes permanent scarring of gut lining and downs absorption |
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Physical Digestion
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chewing
gizzards(birds) |
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Chemical digestion
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stomach acid (HCl acid)
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Enzymatic Digestion
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*key breakdown force*
-hydrolysis of bonds- protease-protein amylase-starch |
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Microbe fermentation Digestion
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fiber>>>microbes>>> VFAs
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Protein >
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indv AA
small di&tri peptides |
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Carbs>
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monosaccharides(monogastrics)
VFAs(ruminants/herbivores) |
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Fiber>
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poorly digested(monogastrics)
VFAs(ruminants/herbivores) |
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Fats/Oils>
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free-long chain fatty acids
monoglycerides |
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Nutrients Absorbed Unchanged
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*Vitamins
*Minerals *Water *Alcohol |
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CARNIVORE
git tract |
short, simple
protein/fat fast ROP sharp teeth ex.) cat, raptor birds, ferrets |
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HERBIVORES
git tract |
long, complex, large fermenation compartments
microbial slower ROP Flat teeth/ grinding ex.) Ruminant, horse, deer |
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OMNIVORES
git tract |
medium length and complexity
some fermentation of fiber in colon and cecum mix of sharp and flat teeth ex.) humans |
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Neophobia
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fear of new foods
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Neophelia
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risky openness to new foods
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Delayed Learning
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eat a little and wait to see how they react to it
rats |
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Aversion Training
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give bad food and emetic(Lithium Chloride)
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MONOGASTRIC
git design |
One true glandular stomach
(HCl and enzymes produced) ex.) Horse, Poultry, Humans, Dogs, Cats |
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RUMINANTS
(polygastric) git design |
4 stomach-like compartments
1 true glandular stomach ex.) sheep deer cattle |
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PSEUDORUMINANT
git design |
only 3 compartments
1 true grandular stomach ex.) camel llama, alpaca |
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Prehension
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act of conveying food to the mouth
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METHOD OF PREHENSION
Humans> Cattle> Horse> Hogs> Sheeps/Goats> Poultry> |
*hands *tongue *lips *lower jaw *lips(split lip, more flexible browsing) *beak |
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Cow Tongue has what on the surface?
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papillae
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Mastication
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chewing
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Funtion of mastication
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down particle size
up surface area for enzyme/mircrobe attachment mix food and saliva |
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Synthetic Processing of Feed Grain
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*premasticates for the animal*
grindng... hammer mill, fine texture(hogs and poultry) increased digestibility *rolling/crimping/flaking coarser, ups palitablity, roller mill (cattle, horses, sheep goats) |
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Salivary Glands
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1. Sublingual (under tongue)
2. Submaxillary (base of jaw) 3. Parotid (below ear) -main source |
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Saliva Volume
Polutry> Humans> Dairy Cow> |
*1-3 tbsp/day
*1-3 cups/day *50-70 gal/day (cud chewing) |
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Saliva Flow Stimulation
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1. sight of food/smell of food
2. dryness of food 3. eating/Cud chewing |
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Saliva Contents
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98% water
Mucin bicarbonate salts enzymes |
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Salivary Water
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lubricate swallowed bolus
improves taste sensations cleansing effect on mouth |
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Bolus
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Balls of food to be swallowed
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Salivary mucin
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mucus-like(glycoprotein)
slimy lubricates bolus breaks up "foamy" gas bubbles in Rumen >>> prevents frothy bloat |
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Bicarbonate Salts
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Sodium Bicarbonates
neutralize VFAs in Rumen >> keeps pH at 6-7 neutral |
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Salivary Enzymes
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a) amylase- starch, herbivores don't have
b) lipase- fats/oils, preweaning milk fat c) lysozyme- antibacterial, dogs |
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Degultition
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swallowing
peristaltic contractions of the esophagus -some circlular muscles, some vertical -aslo in the intestines, propels ingesta downstream |
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"reverse" peristaltics
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function in esophagus(regurgitation)
Cows cud, birds *lg Intestines keeps ingesta in longer |
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Glandular Stomach
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monogastrics
abomasum(ruminants) |
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Glandular Stomach
FUNCTIONS |
1. temporary food storage
-expandable -chyme-contents of stomach 2. Mixing Action -strong muscular walls -mixing enzymes/acids 3. Enzymes from stomach lining -no carb enzymes |
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Gastric Lipase
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fats/oils
fatty foods slow ROP thru stomach increase efficiency of fat digestion in stomach |
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Gastric Pepsin
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a protease
produced in chief cells as a zymogen pepsinogen- inactive form, activated by HCl once in stomach interior Protein into polypeptide and petides |
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Gastric Rennin
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a protease
specific for milk caesin protein "curdles" the milk, slows the ROP |
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Extra Gastric Enzymes in Hogs
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Chitinase
insects |
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Emotional Influences on Digestion
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Fear, Anxiety, depression, pain,
lower digestive processes Friends, Laughter, conversation Up digestive processes |
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Stomach Secretion
HCl |
hydrochloric acid
-from parietal cells in lining -creates pH 2-3 in chyme * ideal pH for pepsin/renin *helps break peptide bonds *destroys harmful bacteria stress, irregular meals can up HCl and cause ulcers |
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Stomach Secretion
Mucus |
"goblet cells"
protects the stomach lining for HCl |
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Nutrients Absorbed directly from stomach
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water, medication, some minerals,
alcohol--- metaolized in cells to acetic acid, cell energy and fat storage |
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Small Intestines
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designed for nutrient absorption
long narrow tube (hog 20yd) |
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3 sections of SI
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1st> duodenum
2nd> Jejunum 3rd> ileum |
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duodenum
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site of digestive secretion from pancreas and liver
|
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Jejunum
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middle section of SI
site of major nutrient absorption |
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ileum
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continued absorption
|
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inner lining of SI made of what kind of cells
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epithelial cells "endocytes"
|
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3 layers of tissue in SI
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outermost:tough resilient connective tissue(sausage casings, violin strings)
Middle Layer: smooth muscle: peristalsis Innermost: villi- peithelial lining, increases surface area for absorption |
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From SI into blood?
|
amino acids
monosaccharides |
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From SI into lymph duct?
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(lacteal)
fatty acides monoglycerides |
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microvilli
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hairs on villi, brush border
further increase of Surface Area |
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Trypsin Inhibitor
|
substance in raw soybeans
downs protein digestion Heat and Rumen microbes, destroy this |
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Accessory Digestive Organs
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Pancreas
Liver Gal bladder |
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accessory digestive Organs connect to SI by
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bile duct
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Normal SI villi apperance
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tall
|
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Damaged SI villi from viral/bacterial infection or internal parasite
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short, stunted,
lower surface area, lower absorption efficiency permanent scarring |
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Pacreas
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produced pancreatic juices
that travel via bile duct to duodenum |
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Pancreatic Juices
|
contains: Sodium bicarbonate
enzymes |
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Sodium bicarbonate in Pancreatic Juices
|
gives pH of 8-9
- helps to neutralize chyme for enzymes |
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Pancreatic Enzymes
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Lipase(fats)
Protease(protein) --trypsin --chymotrypsin Amylase(starch) increases starch digesitibility |
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Liver
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all nutrients absorbed into blood directly from GIT to liver first through hepatic portal vein
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Liver Funtions
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metabolizes>>
stores>> >>>> nutrients modifies>>>>> detoxifies >> |
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Liver digestive Function
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source of bile
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bile
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bitter, alkaline
stored in galbladder presence of faty foods in SI triggers hormone(cholecystokinin) to make gallbladder contract and release bile into duodenum |
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Bile Salts
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cholesterol based
amphipathic(water loving and hating) Keeps oil broken up to increase SA for lipase to work better |
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What animals lack a galbladder?
How does this effect the Animal? |
horse, Rat, Deer
-they have a continuous flow of bile to SI |
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Bile Blocker pills
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diet pill, theoretically more fats and oil pass, but causes diarrhea or ANAL LEAKAGE
|
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SI Enzymes at brush border
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function when nutrients bump against them
|
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Disaccharidases in Brush Border
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final step of starch digestion
a)maltase b)lactase c)sucrase breaks down into monosaccharides that are then absorbed into blood |
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Maltose and Sucrase Activity low in new borns, why?
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Sucrose may cause scours in SI which will reduce absorption rest of life, that's why milk is best at first
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Brush Border Peptidase
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breaks down small peptides into free Amino Acids
then go into blood and then into liver FINAL STEP OF PROTEIN DIGESTION |
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All monosaccharides are absorbed from SI and?
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converted into glucose in liver before sent out as blood glucose
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Insulin
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hormone, protein
comes from islet cells of pancreas after a meal, blood glucose increased and the pancrease sense that and releases insulin to lower blood glucose level |
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Diabetes-
& Symptoms- |
elevated blood sugar
and thirst, hunger, increase urination |
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Type I Diabetes
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genetic lack of insulin, inject insulin
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Type II Diabetes
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cells respond sluggishly to insulin
(insulin resistance) |
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Glycemic Index
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scale of 1-100
each food given a number, high number increase blood glucose quickly and to a higher extent |
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High GI Foods are good for?
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short periods of energy
athletics |
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Low GI Foods are good for?
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longer more sustained energy
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GI Food Examples
Glucose: Pop: Table Sugar: Apple: |
Glucose: 100
Pop:72 Table Sugar: 64 Apple:38 |
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Low GI Foods help prevent?
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development of Type II diabetes, due to less flucuation in clood glucose levels and less insulin releases
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"Hind Gut"
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After SI
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"Fore Gut"
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Stomach and SI
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Progression of Hind Gut Sections
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SI>>Cecum>>Colon>>Rectum>>Anus
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ileo-cecal junction
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between foregut and hind gut
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Hind Gut differences from Foregut
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no villi
no enzyme secretion smooth mucosal lining -mucus secretion |
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Hind Gut Functions
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1. absorb (recycle) water
2. microbial fermentation of fiber - microse>> cellulase enzyme and breaks fiber into VFAs |
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VFAs from microbial fermentation
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1. Acetic Acid (2 Cs)
2. Propionic Acid (3Cs) 3. Butyric Acid (4 Cs) used for cell energy and fat synthesis |
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Hind gut fermentors get up to __% of energy from ___s?
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50% of energy from VFAs
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Coprophagy
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eating own or others feces
-way of recycling nutrients back through GIT 2nd time >> B-Vits, Vit K, microbial protein Vit K and B synthesized by hind gut microbes ex>) Hogs, Dogs, Foals (inoculation), Rabbits |
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A Normal Healthy SI and Hindgut Lining contains
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good bacteria
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Advantages of Good Bacteria
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helps prevent pathogenic bacteria from attaching
ex) lactobacillus, bifidobacterium |
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What four things down good bacteria population ad up suceptibility to disease?
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Stress
Disease Internal Parasites Poor Diet |
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Re-establish Good Bacteria pop?
|
1.Probiotics
--->live culture good bact./yeasts --->paste, feed additive 2.Prebiotics --->undigestible oligosacc's or polysacc's in monogatic stomach and SI that provide a source of food for good bacteria and promote growth and population ex)fructo-oligosacc's, inulin, lactulose |
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Avian GIT
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eat fast and fly away
beak=prehension no teeth poor sense of taste |
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Avian Crop
|
enlargement of esophagus, soaking, mild fermentation
|
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Avian Proventriculus
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grandular stomach
fast ROP HCL, pepsin, no renin(don't drink milk) |
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Avian Ventriculus
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gizzard
think and muscular walls contractious, grinds diet seed against grit down particle size(like mastication) |
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Raptor
|
Regurgitate pellets of undigest bones, hair, etc
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Avian Intestines
|
same as other animals minus the lactose
|
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Avian Colon
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Short, 2 cecum, most birds can ferment some grass/fibers
|
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Ratites
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flightless birds, 50% of diet =forages
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Avian Cloaca(vectum)
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site of combined feces and urine formation
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Excess body N
|
Birds>>ammonia>>> uric acid
Other Animals>> Ammonia>>>Liver>>>urea>>>toxic>>urine |
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RUMINANT GIT
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Polygastric
3 pregastric compartments ---storage and microbe fermentation ---nonglandualr(no HCl, pepsin, or mucus 1 true glandular stomach, abomasum |
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Name the 4 Ruminant compartments
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Rumen
Reticulum omasum abomasum |
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esophageal groove
|
important in young animals
|
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Rumen Holds How much?
|
30 gallons
|
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___ Rumen drier than ___ Rumen
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dorsal, Ventral
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Reticulum
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"honeycomb"
holds metallic things in thick walled compartment cow magnet fed orally |
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Omasum
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prevents large particles from passing through, reticular groove goes into this compartment
|
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Abomasum
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True Stomach
many fold pyloric valve HCl and mucus |
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Upper Half of Abomasum
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mucus
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Lower Half of Abomasum
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acid
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pyloric valve
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controls what's in the stomach
|
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SI
|
smooth and thin
duodenum, jejudenum, illeum |
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Large Intestines
|
cecum--holds mostly liquid, microbial fermentation site, absorption, eventually back to LI
|
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Pseudo Ruminants
|
camel, llama, alpaca
lack omasum |
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Rumen bacteria
|
predominat, 1 billion/ml rumen fluid
non motile, attach to feed surfaces |
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Rumen Protozoa
|
larger, less numerous
1 mil/ml motile, swimming capabilities prey on bacteria less important than bacteria |
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defaunation
|
12-14C fatty acids
toxic to protozoa kill off protozoa and has little effect on digestibility |
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Rumen Fungi
|
minor
|
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Rumen Provides bacteria with
|
-constant food source
-constant temp 101-102 F ideal for microbes -constant pH 6.0-6.5 ideal for microbes -waste product of fermentation absorbed so not toxic ---VFAs, Ammonia |
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Open Fermentation System
|
constant intake of nutrients and outtake of waste
|
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Closed Fermentation System
|
silo, alcohol
|
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Host Ruminant Benefits of Microbes
|
-fiber fermentation, cellulase produced
-NPN(urea) converted into microbial Protein N -detoxification of molds and other plants |
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Hogs Digest sugars and starches better than Ruminants because?
|
hogs can digest directly into SI (sucrase, amylase, maltase) and less energy is wasted on fermentation gases and heat
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Rumination
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cud chewing
---regurgitation of bolus of fiberous forages ---stimulated by fiber near cardia region(esophagus) -consumes 8-11 hrs a day |
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Rumen
Enters where and different layers |
Enters from Cardia Region
--------------------------- Top Layer: gas Pocket Next Layer: Forage mat Next Layer:finer forage and grain particles Bottom Layer: liquid |
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Purpose of Rumination
|
down forage particle size
---allows passage into omasum increase Surface Area for microbes Promotes Salivation ---neutralizes Rumen VFAs |
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Acidosis
|
Rumen pH <5.9
acidity kills off fiber digestors Caused by eating too many CHO ---ex) grain, fruid ---rapid increase in VFAs and lactic acid lowers rumination and salivation lowers Dry Matter Intake |
|
How to reverse Acidosis?
|
Take away grain and offer high quality forage for a few days
Sodium Bicarbonate: added to diet to help prevent acidosis (1/4-1/2 #/day) |
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Eructation
|
silent release of rumen gases via mouth
30-50 liter/hr ---on pasture stimulated by gass pocket near cardia |
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Bloat
|
failure to eructate
due to: esophageal obstruction or cronic bloat can lead to death by asphyxiation |
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Cronic Bloat
|
genetic deforming not allowing to eructate
|
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Stop Bloat
|
place tube down throat
trochar: upper left polaxaline(bloat guard) |
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Reverse Frothy Bloat
|
Increase Salivation, Mucin will dissolbe froth
|
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Proper term for the muscular contractions that move bolus down the esophagus during swallowing
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peristalsis
|
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Proper term for the partially digested food contents of the stomach
|
chyme
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What is the name of the central portion of a glandular stomach?
|
Fundic Area
|
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What ensyme would be secreted in an "inactive" form from glands in the stomach?
|
pepsin
|
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What types of nutrients pass through the stomach at the fastest ROP?
protein? Fat? Starch? |
starch
|
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Where is bile produced?
|
Liver
|
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Explain how bile speeds up the digestion of dietary fats/oils?
|
Bill attaches onto the fat broken down by peristalsis and keeps them seperated to allocate more surface area for lipase to attack
|
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What is the last section of the small intestines?
|
ileum
|
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Which section of the stomach are HCL and Pepsin located?
|
Fundic Region
|
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What section of the stomach has mucus?
|
pyloric and cardiac region
|
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How does Starch pass through the GIT?
|
Mouth--- Salivary amylase- starts the breakdown
Stomach--- passes through Small Intestines--- goes into pancreas Pancreas--- amylase--- maltose brush border---disaccharidase- final starch break down into glucose and VFAs glucose goes into the blood and liver |
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How does Protein pass through the GIT?
|
Mouth--- passes through
Stomach---Pepsin & HCL break down into polypeptides Small Intestines--- Trypsin, Chymotrypsin>> peptides Jejunum---brush border-peptidase>> AAs AAs go into blood and liver |
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How does Fat/Oil pass through the GIT?
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Mouth--- salivary lipase- smaller chain fatty acids
Stomach--- gastric lipase-continues breakdown Small Intestines---pancreatic lipase-fatty acids>>lymph duct bile salts aid in further lipase digestion goes into the blood |
|
In monogastric animals, diestary starch and sugars must be broken down to what molecular size for absorption from the GIT?
|
monosaccharides
|
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What type of anial has the simplest and shortest GIT?
|
carnivore
|
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Main prehensile mouth part of the cow?
|
Tongue
|
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What is unique about the mouth part of a sheep and what does it allow?
|
Split lip,
allows them to browse on shrubs and graze grasses close to the ground |
|
Scientific Term for chewing food
|
mastication
|
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Where is the sublingual salivary gland?
|
under the tongue
|
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Describe two roles of mucin in the saliva of a cow?
|
lubricate the bolus
dissolve froth, prevent frothy bloat |
|
What does the enxyme lysozyme function as in the saliva of a dog?
|
antibacterial
|