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78 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Matter
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anything that exhibits the property of inertia
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Inertia
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the tendency of an object to resist and change in its velocity
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Energy
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a property of matter that can be converted to work under the proper circumstances
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Potential Energy
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the energy of an object due to its position
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Kinetic Energy
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the energy of an object due to its motion
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Radiant Energy
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energy being transferred between objects by electromagnetic waves
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Law of Conservation of Mass
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mass is conserved in all nonnuclear changes; it cannot be created or destroyed
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Law of Conservation of Energy
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energy is conserved in all nonnuclear changes; it cannot be created or destroyed
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Law of Conservation of Mass-Energy
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although they can be interconverted, the total amount of mass and energy in the universe is constant
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Intermediate
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the material that is produced from raw materials and processed further to produce some consumer products
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Model
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an arrangement analogous to, and useful for, understanding a system in nature, but existing only in one's mind
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Chemistry
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the study of the structure and properties of matter
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Formula for potential energy?
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Ep = mgh
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Formula for kinetic energy?
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Ek = 1/2 mv^2
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Quantitative
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concrning the amounts of matter present
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Qualitative
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describing something without a unit of measurement
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Length?
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meter - m
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Mass?
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kilgram - kg
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Time?
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second - s
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Electric Current?
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amper - A
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Temperature?
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kelving - k
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mega - M?
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million
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kilo - k?
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thousand
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deci - d?
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tenth
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centi - c?
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hundreth
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milli - m?
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thousand
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micro - u?
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millionth
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nano - n?
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billionth
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pico - p?
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trillionth
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Mass
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a measurement of the quantity of matter
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Weight
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a measure of the force of gravity between two objects
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A balance measures what?
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mass
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A scale measures what?
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weight
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Precision
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closeness of a quantity of numbers (hitting the top of the target consistantly)
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Accuracy
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Closeness to the true value or what your aiming for (hitting the bulls-eye)
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homogeneous
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uniform throughout
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heterogeneous
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composed of more than one phase
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phases of matter
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a physically distinct section of matter with uniform properties set off from the furrounding matter y physical boundaries
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physical change
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a change in which the same substance is present gefore and after
*(ex. pounding copper, cutting wood, tearing paper, dissolving sugar in water, pouring liquid from one container to another, melting, boiling) |
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chemical change
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a rearrangement of atoms and/or molecules to produce one or more new substances with new properties
*(ex. copper in acid, sodium and chlorine = table salt, burning, digestion, fermenting, precipitate, gas, color change, energy change, decomposing |
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Demociritus (400 BC)
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*greek philosopher, *thought "world was made of two things - empty space and atoms.
*diff. kinds of atom for every matter on Earth" |
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Aristotle
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*world made of continuous paticles, hyle.
*accepted unitl 17th century |
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Newton and Boyle
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*published articles stating belief without and proof
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Lavoisier (french)
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*studied by Dalton
*law of conservation of mass |
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Proust (french)
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*studied by Dalton
*law of definite proportions |
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Dalton's Theory of Matter?
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*matter composed of atoms (cannot be broken down)
*element atoms are exact vs. diff. atom elements diff. *atoms can combine in simple atios forming compounds |
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Z number =s?
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number of protons in the nucleus
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atomic number?
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number of protons and electrons
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Aufball's Principal?
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electron's fill the lowest energy levels first
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Hund's Rule?
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electrons are placed equally in each orbital spin
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Pauli Exclusion Principal?
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No two electrons have the same electron number
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Heisenburg's Uncertainty Principle?
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the location and speed of an electron are impossible to know at the same time
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Quantum Numbers?
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n =size of orbit
biger # larger orbital l = shape of orbital sherical = 0; polar = 1; clover leaf = 2 m = location of orbital s = spin of orbital +1/2 or -1/2 |
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molecular formula?
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a formula indicating the actual number of atoms of each element making up a molecule
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atom?
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the smallest particle of an element
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molecule?
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a neutral group of atoms held together by covalent bonds
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formula unit?
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the amount of a substance represented by its formula
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polyatomic ions?
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a group of atoms covalently bonded but possessing an overall charge.
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Formula Mass?
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the sum of the atomic masses of the matoms in a formula
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mole?
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the Avogadro constant number of objects
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Avagadro's Number?
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the number of objects in a mole; 6.022 x 10^23
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Formula mass is measured in what?
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grams
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Atomic mass is measured in what?
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grams
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A mole is equal to what?
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(L = dm^3 = g) 22.4 L
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Percentage Composition
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the mass of an element in a compound divided by the mass of the compound
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Molarity
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a unit of concentration equal to the number of moles of solute per kilogram of solution (M=moles of solute/volume solution dm^3)
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Five types of chemical reactions?
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Synthesis, Decomposition, Single displacement, Double displacement, Combustion
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(cr)
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solid or crystalin
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(aq)
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dissolves into water
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(g)
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gas
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(L)
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liquid
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Percent Yeild
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(acutal amount/theoretical amout) x 100
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Atomic Radius generally . . .
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Decreases towards the top right corner
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Ionic Radius generally . . .
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Decreases across metals, then shoots up at the nonmetals and increases as you go downward
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Ionization Energy generally . . .
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Increases towards the top right hand corner
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Electron Affinity generally . . .
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Increases towards the top right hand corner.
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Sigma bond is what?
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a single bond or the first bond of a double bond
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Pie bond is what?
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a double bond or the second bond of a double bond
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