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120 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The skin of poultry is composed of |
Stratified squamous epithelium Underlying vascular dermis |
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Area where the skin thickens and becomes more vascular, provides incubation for eggs |
Brooding patches |
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Hallmark of class aves |
Presence of feathers |
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An extension of dermal tissue into the shaft of the feather and is prominent only during growth |
Feather pulp |
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A large growing feather that can cause hemorrhage |
Blood feather |
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Comprises of flight feathers, has interlocking nature |
Contour feather |
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Fluffy feathers, no interlocking |
Down feathers |
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Semi rigid shaft and multiple barbs form the |
Vane |
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Feathers are not uniformly distributed in the body, instead occuring in |
Feather tracts |
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Areas relatively free from contour feathers, notable under wings |
Apteria (apterium) |
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When do chickens molt |
After 12 months |
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Restriction of food and water results to |
Forced molt |
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Bilobed gland that opens to a raised papilla between tail feathers |
Uropygial gland |
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Oily secretion is spread how? |
Preening behavior |
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Used as a weapon for male chickens and turkeys |
Spur |
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Located on the dorsal midline |
Comb |
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Hangs from the ventral face |
Paired wattles |
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Decorate the sides of the head |
Ear lobes |
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Irregular bumps on the heads of turkeys |
Caruncles |
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Finger like flesh that hangs from the dorsal aspect of the face down across the beak |
Snood |
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Yellowish color of skin is due to |
Carotenoid pigment, xantophyll |
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Vertebral formula of fowls |
C14-17, T5-7, L/S14, Cy5-6 |
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Vertebrae in thoracic region |
Notarium |
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Vertebrae in lumbosacral region |
Synsacrum |
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Last few caudal vertebrae |
Pygostyle |
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Provides a solid mass of stability of the tail feathers |
Pygostyle |
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Shoulder girdle comprises the |
Scapula Coracoid Clavicle |
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Bridge between the shoulder joint and sternum |
Coracoid |
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Acts as a bony strut to maintain distance between 2 shoulders |
Furcula |
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Long bones of the metacarpal region |
Carpometacarpal bones |
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Thumb, possess 2 phalanges |
Pollux |
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Dramatically modified for flight, primary site of attachment of pec. muscles |
Sternum |
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Shield like mass of the sternum |
Keel or sternal crest |
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Produce the downbeat of the wings that is essential to provide lift during flight |
M. Pectorals |
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Featherless and covered by thick keratinous epidermis |
Beak |
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How does the mouth of birds differ from mammals |
The palate is incompletely fused |
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Longitudinal opening between oral and nasal cavities |
Choanal cleft |
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Characterized by a raised pharyngeal mound |
Pharyngeal floor |
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Laryngeal mound features the |
Aditus laryngeus |
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Distensible dilation in the esophagus |
Crop or ingluvies |
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Type of stomach in birds |
Bipartite |
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First chamber, provides pepsin and HCL |
proventriculus / glandular stomach |
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Second chamber, largely fills the lower left of the body cavity |
Gizzard / muscular stomach |
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Highly keratinized mucosa on the inside of the gizzard, forms a thick leathery sheet, removed during processing |
Cuticle |
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Forms a distinctive loop with the pancreas |
Duodenum |
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Longest segment of the small intestine, retains remnant of the embryonic connection to the yolk sac |
Jejunum |
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Assumes an immune function after retraction of yolk sac before hatching |
Meckel's diverticulum |
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Terminates at the large intestine |
Ileum |
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Diverticula of colon in duck chickens and turkeys |
10-25 cm |
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Diverticula of colon is |
22-34 cm |
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Provide a site of digestion of fiber |
Paired ceca |
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Wild birds that eat seeds |
Granivores |
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Short and straight, terminating at the sphincter interposed between large instestin and cloaca |
Colon |
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Expanded region that is common to the GI and urogenital tracts |
Cloaca |
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Cloaca is divided by |
Ring folds |
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Dilated region that temporarily holds feces |
Coprodeum |
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Feautures openings of 2 ureters in dorsal aspect of lumen |
Urodeum |
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Last portion of the cloaca |
Proctodeum |
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Opens into the dorsal aspect of the proctodeum |
Bursa of Fabricius (cloacal bursa) |
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Lined by lymphoreticular tissue and is largest in juvenile animal gradually becoming smaller as the bird ages |
Bursa |
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In anseriformes, the proctodeum also houses the |
Male copulatory organ |
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Oral end of the trachea is guarded by |
Larynx |
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Larynx has 2 cartilage |
Cricoid Arytenoid |
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Prominence caudal to the tongue |
Laryngeal mound |
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Protector of the airway |
Larynx |
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Organ of phonation in birds |
Syrinx |
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Blind ended expansions of the respiratory tree |
Air sacs |
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Modified bones |
Pneumatic bones |
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Epithelium of the air sacs |
Simple squamous epitheliun |
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Resting heart rate |
200-350 beats per minute |
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Normal body temp |
41-43 C |
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Avian kidneys lie on the ventral surface of the |
Synsacrum |
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Kidney is divided into |
Cranial, middle, caudal lobes |
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Unique system that birds have |
Renal portal system |
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Receives venous blood from the caudal body and distributes it to the second capillary system |
Cranial and caudal renal portal veins |
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Similar to reptiles, do not include segment, contained in the outer zones of the lobules |
Reptillian-type nephron |
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Nephron that does not have segments, loops extend downward |
Mammalian-type nephrons |
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Birds excrete |
Uric acid |
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Female repro id divided into |
Ovary and oviduct |
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Cluster of developing yolks or ova located midway between the neck and tail of bird |
Ovary |
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How many ova can grow |
13k to 14k |
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Ovum is surrounded by |
Vitelline membrane |
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Release of mature ovum |
Ovulation |
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Second part of the femal repro, long convoluted tubule 25-27 inches long divided into 5 sections |
Oviduct |
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Ovum ruptures along the |
Suture line or stigma |
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Release of ova occurs |
30-75 minutes |
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First part of the oviduct, 3 to 4 in long, enguls ovum |
Infundibulum |
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Ovum remains in the infundibulum for |
15-18 mins |
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Serves as a reservoir for spermatozoa |
Infundibulum |
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13 inches long, largest section of oviduct, ovum remains here for 3 hours which albumen is added |
Magnum |
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4 inches long, egg remains here for 75 mins, narrow band of tissue connecring two parts of anatomical structure, where inner and outer shell membrane is added |
Isthmus |
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4-5 inches long, egg stays here foe 20 plus hours, shell is placed here as well as pigment deposition |
Shell gland or uterus |
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Shell is made up of |
Calcium carbonate |
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4-5 inches long does not play a part in egg formation, help push egg out of the hen |
Vagina |
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Laying of the fully formed egg |
Oviposition |
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Added to the egg in vagina prior to oviposition |
Bloom or cuticle |
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Can store sperm for long periods of time 10 days to 2 weekz |
Sperm host glands |
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Total time of egg formation |
25-26 hours |
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Phenomenon the occurs due to age of hen or genetics |
Double-yolked eggs |
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When shell becomes damaged but is repaired |
Body check |
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Elliptical shaped and light yellow in color |
Testes |
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Serve as the copulatory organ |
Papillae |
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Rudimentary copulatory organ |
Located in the medial ventral portion of cloaca and used to classify sex |
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Surgical castration of mae chickens |
Caponization |
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Male chickens are typically caponized at |
2-4 weeks |
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Responsible for voluntary actions |
CNS |
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Responsible for involuntary action |
Autonomic nervous system |
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Most common method employed to slaughter poultry |
Water bath stunner, electrical stunning |
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Alternative method for alaughter |
Controlled atmosphere killing |
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Includes inherent ways in which poultry resists disease |
Non specific immune mechanism |
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Non specific mechanisms include |
Genetic factors Body temperature Anatomic features Normal microflora Respiratory tract cilia |
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Some strains of chickens are genetically resistant to |
Lymphoid leukosis virus |
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Ways on how we can disrupt the balance of microflora |
Improper use of antibiotics Poor sanitation |
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Characterized by specificity, heterogenecity, and memory |
Specific immune system |
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Includes immunoglobulins and cells that produce 5hem |
Non cellular component |
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Cells that produce antibodies |
B lymphocytes |
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B lymphocytes are produced in the |
Liver, yolk sac, bone marrow |
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Found in the eye socket |
Harderian gland |
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Prevents programminf B cells |
Gumboro disease Infectious bursal disease Marek's disease |
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Includes all cells that react with specificity to antigens, T lymphocytes |
Cellular component |