Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Name some functions of the hypothalamus?
|
Food and water intake, wake/sleep, growth, circadian clock, pituitary gland, temp, reproduction
|
|
What is an acronym for the nuclei of the hypothalamus?
|
The "AVP" has "SDTS" when it "Pees"
|
|
Name the nuclei of the hypothalamus? (8)
|
-Arcuate - Ventromedial - Preoptic
-Supraoptic -Dorsomedial -Tuberomammillary -Suprachiasmatic -Paraventricular |
|
Is Pars Nervosa Anterior or Posterior?
|
Posterior
|
|
Is Pars Distalis anterior or posterior?
|
Anterior
|
|
Does the Posterior Pituitary have a glandular or neural relationship with the brain/hypothalmus?
|
-A NEURAL RELATIONSHIP!
-An outcropping of the brain -Longer communicating nerves |
|
Does the Anterior Pituitary have a glandular or neural relationship with the brain/hypothalmus?
|
-A GLANDULAR RELATIONSHIP
-Vascular connection!! -Short Axons that are connected to the portal system! |
|
What do the magnocellular neurons secrete?
|
AVP and Oxytocin (thus posterior pituitary)
|
|
What do the Parvicullular neurons secrete?
|
-TRH, CRH, Somatostatin, GHRH, GnRH, Dopamine (actually inhibits ant. pit.)
-These hormones enter the portal system and then act on the Ant Pit. causing it to release. |
|
What does the anterior pituitary release?
|
-SMaL FLAT PeG
-TSH, FSH, LH, Prolactin, Growth Hormone, ACTH -Mammosomatrophs -Somatogonadotrophs -Lactogonadotrophs |
|
What does the Posterior pituitary produce?
|
-Oxytocin and ADH (vasopressin)
|
|
What nuclei does ADH come form?
|
Supraoptic nuclei
|
|
What nuclei does Oxytocin come from?
|
Paraventricular nuclei
|
|
What does ADH do? (4 things)
|
-Increase H2O uptake by Kidney
-Arterial and Venous Constriction -Stimulate ACTH release -Stimulate Spermaticord contraction |
|
How does it increase water uptake
|
-Increases water uptake by the kidneys via a V2 receptor. This increases synthesis of GS-cAMP which increases insertion of aquaporins into plasma membrane
|
|
What receptor is used for Arterial and Venous Constriction?
|
V1a
|
|
What receptor is used for ACTH release?
|
V1b
|
|
What receptor is used for stimulation of spermaticord contraction?
|
V1
|
|
Is ADH always being secreted? What needs to happen to cause a noticeable response?
|
Yes, it must pass threshold level.
|
|
What are 4 things that affect ADH release?
|
-Rapid Changes in Osmolality
-Drinking -Pregnancy (changes threshold level) -Aging |
|
What is the main factor that causes stimulation of secretion of ADH?
|
-Increase in ECF OSMOLALITY
-Nausea/Vomiting -Drugs -Pain |
|
What is the main factor that inhibits the secretion of AHD?
|
-Decrease in ECF OSMOLALITY
-Volume increase -Ethanol |
|
What are the teo major problems associated with ADH?
|
-Diabetes insipidus
-SIADH |
|
What are the 3 potential problems with D.I.?
|
-Hypothalmic DI
-Nephrogenic DI -Dipsogenic DI |
|
Explain Hypothalmic DI? Causes?
|
-Deficiency in ADH
-Hereditary, head trauma, pregnancy, etc. |
|
What is the cause for Hypothalmic DI in pregnancy?
|
-Enhanced mechanisms for degredation of ADH (pathological)
|
|
Explain Nephrogenic DI?
|
-A renal resistance to ADH ,despite normal levels of ADH
-No/insufficient receptors -Cause: renal disease or drugs |
|
Explain Dipsogenic DI?
|
-Inappropriate water drinking.
-Mental issue |
|
What is the most common cause of Hypoosmolality?
|
SIADH
|
|
What are the common causes of SIADH?
|
-Neoplastic disease
-CNS disorder -Pulmonary disease -Drugs (triglycerides, nicotine) -(AIDS, Senile Atrophy) |
|
What is a major function of oxytocin?
|
-Smooth muscle contractor
-Milk Ejection -Uterine Contractions -Behavior (intimacy/bonding) -Ovulation/Ejaculation/Orgasm |
|
What is the major mediator of oxytocin?
|
Gq receptor
|
|
What stimulates oxytocin secretion?
|
-Suckling
-Estradiol -Fergusson reflex (fetus pressure on uterus) |
|
What are the major inhibitors of oxytocin?
|
-Opiods!!
-Catecholamines |
|
What hormones does the Anterior Pituitary release?
|
-SMaL FLAT PeG
-TSH, FSH, LH, Prolactin, Growth Hormone, ACTH -Mammosomatrophs -Somatogonadotrophs -Lactogonadotrophs |
|
What (in a general way) is the anterior pituitary needed for?
|
Propagation of species
|
|
What do Thyrotrophs produce?
|
TSH
|
|
What do Gonadotrophs produce?
|
FSH, LH
|
|
What do Lactotrophs (mammotrophs) produce?
|
Prolactin
|
|
What do somatotrophs produce?
|
Growth hormone
|
|
What do corticotrophs produce?
|
ACTH
|
|
Where are the main receptors for Prolactin?
|
Breast and Pituitary
|
|
What is the function of prolactin?
|
-Lactation
-REproduction -Lymphocyte growth factor |
|
What stimulates prolactin secretion?
|
-Estrogen
-Breast Manipulation -Sleep -TRH -Serotonin |
|
What inhibits prolactin?
|
-Dopamine
-PRL -Somatostatin |
|
What happens to Growth Hormone when it binds to cirrculating GH binding proteins?
|
It extends the half life and dampens oscillations
|
|
Where are the classic GH receptors?
|
Liver, Muscle, and Adipose
|
|
If you have hypersecretion of GH before the growth plates close?
|
Giantism
|
|
If you have hyper secretion after the growth plates close?
|
Acromegaly
|
|
If you have hyposecretion?
|
Dwarfism
|
|
What is the function of GH?
|
-Mobilization of stored triglycerides
-Stimulation of protein synthesis -Antagonism of insulin action -Stim. linear growth! (via IGF-1) |
|
What stimulates GH?
|
-GHRH -Ghrelin
-Fasting -TRH -Hypoglycemia -Arginine -Fasting |
|
What inhibits GH?
|
-Somatostatin "stasis"
-GH -Somatomedins -Hyperglycemia |
|
What do Somatostatins inhibit the release of?
|
-GH -PRL
-TSH -Insulin -GLucagon -Secretions from enteroENDOCRINE cells |
|
What does ACTH regulate?
|
-Central and peripheral secretions
-Circadian Release -Maintains adrenal gland -Hypo/hyper secretion |
|
What stimulates the secretion of ACTH?
|
-CRH
-Sleep/wake transition -Stress |
|
What inhibits the secretion of ACTH?
|
-Cortisol
-ACTH -Somatostatin |
|
For TSH, LH, and FSH; are the alpha or beta chains identical?
|
The alpha chains are identical and the beta chains are all unique!
|
|
What does Thyroid Hormone do to TSH?
|
It inhibits the transcription of mRNA for both alpha and beta chains, and expression of the TRH receptor
|
|
What does THR stimulate transcription of?
|
The mRNA for both alpha and beta chains
|
|
Is TSH release pulsatile?
|
Yes; long halflife and minimizes changes in circulation
|
|
What stimulates the secretion of TSH?
|
-TRH
-Exposure to cold -Leptin |
|
What inhibits the secretion of TSH?
|
-T4/T5
-Fasting -Somatostatin -Dopamine -Cortisol -GH!!! |
|
Release of GnRH has selective effects on what?
|
FSH and LH (It effects post transcription and secretion patterns via gprotein coupled receptors)
|
|
What is the main target of Gonadotropins?
|
Gonads
|