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113 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is the order of blood vessels to and within the kidney from the aorta to the vena cava?
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1. Abdominal aorta to Renal artery
2. Renal artery to Renal vasculature 3. Renal vasculature to Renal vein 4. Renal vein to Inferior Vena Cava 5. (Inferior Vena Cava to Right heart) A.A. R.A RVas. RV IVC |
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6. Normally, an individual will have only one
A. inferior vena cava B. ureter C. renal artery D. renal vein E. kidney |
A. inferior vena cava
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7. The cells of the proximal tubule
A. are always impermeable to Na+ B. secrete renin C. are always permeable to water D. are modified smooth muscle cells E. are relatively thin and flat, with few mitochondria |
C. are always permeable to water
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9. Fluid in the tubular segment with the macula densa will flow next and immediately into which tubular segment:
A. cortical collecting duct B. distal convoluted tubule C. thin descending limb of Henle’s loop D. thin ascending limb of Henle’s loop E. proximal convoluted tubule |
9. B The path of fluid flow is from the thick ascending limb of Henle’s loop, to the region of the macula densa, and then to the distal convoluted tubule.
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10. Fluid in the major calyx will flow next and immediately into the
A. ureter B. medullary collecting duct C. thick ascending loop of Henle D. cortical collecting duct E. renal pelvis |
10. E
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11. The passage of negatively charged molecules from the plasma to the urinary space is blocked primarily by which component of the glomerular filter
A. fenestrations of the endothelium B. molecular composition of the basal lamina C. slit between pedicels D. molecular composition of the slit diaphragm |
11. B
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12. Glucose is reabsorbed from the tubular fluid in which segment of the nephron?
A. Bowman’s capsule B. proximal tubule C. descending thin loop of Henle D. collecting tubule E. macula densa |
12. B
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13. Vasopressin (ADH / antidiuretic hormone) regulates _________ in the ________ cells
A. water channels proximal tubule B. Na+ channels juxtaglomerular cells C. water channels collecting duct D. Na+ channels distal convoluted tubule |
13. C. vasopressin (or ADH) stimulates the cell to insert water channels (aquaporins) into the apical membrane of the collecting duct cell.
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14. Select the answer below which lists renal blood vessels in their correct sequence (blood vessels which
immediately follow) A. arcuate artery -> arcuate vein B. cortical peritubular capillary -> interlobar vein C. afferent arteriole -> glomerular capillary D. vasa recta -> interlobular vein E. renal vein -> arcuate vein |
14. C
Arcuate artery --> interlobular artery Cortical peritubular capillary -> interlobular vein Vasa recta --> arcuate vein Renal vein -> inf. vena cava |
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15. Tubular cells with a high density of mitochondria, but no apical microvilli, are those that line the
A. thin descending limb of Henle’s loop B. thick ascending limb of Henle C. proximal tubule D. cortical collecting duct E. medullary collecting duct |
15. B
(also the distal convoluted tubule) |
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16. A feature common to all of the epithelial cells of the tubular segments located both the cortex and the medulla is
A. the presence of extensive apical microvilli B. the proximity to segments of the peritubular capillaries C. a relatively thin (squamous) shape D. the presence of high density of mitochondria near the apical cell membrane E. the presence of podocytes |
16. B. Cells lining the different tubular segments vary quite a bit in size, function, and specialization, but they are all close to the peritubular capillaries (remember that in the medulla, the peritubular capillaries are the vasa recta).
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17. For the renal transport process of REABSORPTION, number the correct sequence of structures a substance would pass through starting in the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) lumen. Assume the substance is not metabolized by the PCT epithelial cell or endothelial cell and the substance follows a transcellular and not paracellular route.
order (1=1st, 9=last) structure or fluid space plasma ultrafiltrate in proximal tubule lumen plasma found in peritubular capillary adjacent to PCT epithelial cell luminal-side plasma membrane endothelial cell of peritubular capillary adjacent to PCT epithelial cell intracellular fluid of PCT epithelial cell intracellular fluid endothelial cell of peritubular capillary adjacent to PCT epithelial cell interstitial-side plasma membrane of endothelial cell of peritubular capillary adjacent to PCT epithelial cell interstitial fluid basolateral plasma membrane of PCT epithelial cell apical plasma membrane of PCT epithelial cell |
17.
1. plasma ultrafiltrate in proximal tubule lumen 2. apical plasma membrane of PCT epithelial cell 3. intracellular fluid of PCT epithelial cell 4. basolateral plasma membrane of PCT epithelial cell 5. interstitial fluid 6. interstitial-side plasma membrane of endothelial cell of peritubular capillary adjacent to PCT epithelial cell 7. intracellular fluid endothelial cell of peritubular capillary adjacent to PCT epithelial cell 8. luminal-side plasma membrane endothelial cell of peritubular capillary adjacent to PCT epithelial cell 9. plasma found in peritubular capillary adjacent to PCT epithelial cell |
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18. During the process of filtration, solutes pass through a series of structures. Which of the following lists a pair of structures that immediately follow each other in this process, and in the order given
A. glomerular capillary plasma, Bowman’s space B. Bowman’s space, podocyte slit C. basement membrane, podocyte slit D. endothelial fenestration, glomerular capillary plasma E. basement membrane, endothelial fenestration |
18. C
Filtration proceeds from the capillary plasma -> endothelial fenestration -> basement membrane -> podocyte slit -> fluid of Bowman’s space |
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Urine flow:
formation, modification, and disposal |
Formed by filtration in the kidney, and modified by renal tubules
-> ureter -> bladder -> urethra |
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What are the 2 Regions of the kidney?
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Cortex : outer region
Medulla, medullary pyramid: inner region Tip of the pyramid= papilla |
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The cortex of the kidney does what?
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All filteration and most of the re-absorption
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The medulla of the kidney does what?
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H20/Na+ adjustment
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What is the path of urine leaving the kidneys?
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minor calyx (“cup”) --> major calyx --> renal pelvis -->
ureter --> bladder |
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Urine is formed in the ______; modified in the ____ & _____; Exits at the ______, and enters ________
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Urine is formed in the cortex; modified in the cortex and
medulla; Exits at the papilla, and enters excretory regions:minor calyx (“cup”) --> major calyx --> renal pelvis --> ureter --> bladder |
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Describe Urine flow process
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Formed by filtration in the kidney, and modified by renal tubules
-> ureter -> bladder -> urethra |
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Functional unit of the kidney includes?
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renal corpuscle (where filtration occurs (initial formation of urine))
and elongated tubules (where urine is modified) |
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All nephrons have ________ within the cortex
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Corpuscle
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What are the two types of nephrons in the kidneys?
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Cortical nephron: most of the tubule is also within the cortex
Juxtamedullay nephron: corpuscle is near cortical-medullary boundary; |
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Most of the Juxtamedullay nephron tubule extends into?
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the medullary pyramid
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All nephrons participate in formation of ___________, and all contribute to _________________, but only the _____________________
participate in the concentration of urine. |
- ultrafiltrate
- the urine outflow - juxtamedullary nephrons |
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Where does the initial formation of urine occur?
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Renal corpuscle
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What are the subdivisions of a nephron?
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Renal corpuscle
Proximal tubule Loop of Henle (TDL, THINA, TALH) Juxtaglomerular apparatus Distal convoluted tubule Cortical collecting duct |
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What are the components/functions of the renal corpuscle?
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• Glomerular capillaries tuft of capillaries. This is the blood that will be filtered
• Bowman’s capsule: hollow capsule surrounding capillaries, ends in the proximal tubule. • Ultrafiltrate: fluid and small molecules exit glomerular capillaries, and enter the fluid of Bowman’s capsule |
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What are the components/functions of the proximal tubule?
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reabsorbs water and other molecules from the
ultrafiltrate, secretes other molecules into the ultrafiltrate Convoluted initial portion straight (thick descending loop of Henle) Most re-absorption takes place here |
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What are the components/functions of the Loop of Henle?
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involved in the mechanism of concentrating urine, to
appropriately adjust Na+ excretion to Na+ and water balance. Contains: • Thin descending limb of Henle’s loop • ascending thin limb of Henle’s loop • Thick ascending limb of Henle’s loop |
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Collecting ducts are found in both _______ & ________.
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cortex and medulla
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Juxtaglomerular apparatus is a ____________ point in the nephron
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Regulation
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What are the components/functions of the Distal convoluted tubule?
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part of the mechanism for Na+ balance
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What are the components/functions of the cortical collecting duct?
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several tubules flow into a single collecting duct
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What are the components/functions of the medullary collecting duct?
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Ducts flow into larger ducts of the tubules and ducts
participate in Na+/K+/water balance and acid/base balance. found in both cortex and medulla |
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Ultrafiltrate of the renal corpuscle is so named because
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it contains no proteins
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What is the 4 basic renal processes?
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Some of the plasma is filtered
Some of the filtered plasma (“ultrafiltrate”) is reabsorbed Some of the solutes in the non-filtered plasma is secreted The remaining fluid and solutes of the ultrafiltrate are excreted in the urine |
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Components and circulation of the formation of the ultrafiltrate
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takes place in renal corpuscle:
involves Glomerular capillaries and Bowman’s capsule: Has Portal circulation: (unusual) afferent arteriole - > glomerular capillaries -> efferent arteriole |
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what arteriole of the renal corpuscle controls the resistance?
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afferent arteriole
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what arteriole of the renal corpuscle controls the resistance for both blood in and out?
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efferent arteriole
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describe Glomerular capillaries
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tufts of interconnected capillaries
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describe Bowman’s capsule
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cup formed around the (glomerular) capillary network
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what is Bowman’s space:
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fluid interior of the Bowman’s capsule
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Fluid & solutes entering Bowman’s space from the capillary must pass through?
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1-Capillary endothelium – fenestrated
2-Basement membrane – extracellular material, negatively charged 3-epithelial layer of Bowman’s capsule=Podocytes |
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describe Podocytes?
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have cytoplasmic extensions / foot processes
spaces between adjacent foot processes form slits, covered by a diaphragm |
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What are Mesangial cells?
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These cells provide physical support for the glomerular
capillaries, and help “clean” the basal lamina. |
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Disease processes affecting the mesangial cells affect?
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the ability to maintain the basal lamina, and change the composition of the ultrafiltrate
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Ultrafiltrate consists of?
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fluid, and particles that can pass between the slits of the podocyte process, and can also pass through the basal lamina of the endothelium and podocytes:
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The type of material that can enter the ultrafiltrate depends on?
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both size, and charge
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Most non-protein nutrients can easily enter the ultrafiltrate, and must be?
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reabsorbed (transported back into the blood) by the nephron. In addition, many waste products have additional mechanism (secretion ) to enter the urine.
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Most proteins ____ ______ from the blood into the ultrafiltrate (albumin is at the upper end of the
permitted size). |
cannot pass
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The appearance of significant amounts of albumen or other proteins in the ultrafiltrate is usually a sign of?
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renal disease.
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A leaky filter is very common in?
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Diabetic patients
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Tubules (collecting tubules) are lined by ___________, resting on _____________?
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a single layer of epithelium
a basement Membrane |
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Epithelial cells are linked by?
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tight junctions, which can be tight or “leaky”
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Epithelial cells are polarized, with ?
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an apical (towards lumen) domain & a basolateral (towards interstitium)domain
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Epithelial cells with more ATP-requiring process have more ___________, and these are located near _______________ (i.e. basolaterally, or apically, depending on the location of the transporter)
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mitochondria
the ATP requiring transporters |
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In collecting tubules, Size matters. Why?
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flat (squamous) cells have more passive processes than do large cuboidal or columnar cells
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All tubule cells are close to?
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a capillary
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Permeability to ______ & ______varies along the tubule
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water and/or NA+
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What is in the Proximal tubule?
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Large cells specialized for absorption:
Extensive apical (lumen facing) microvilli pinocytotic vesicles; |
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The Proximal tubule is always permeable to ______ because _____.
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water and Na+
apical water channels and Na+ transporters |
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The Proximal tubule contains what kind of folds?
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Basolateral folds
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High density of mitochondria are found in the Proximal tubule, especially along?
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basolateral folds
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Proximal tubule cells reabsorb __% of the glucose, __% of the water and salt and ___% of A. Acids
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100%
70% 100% |
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Thin loop of Henle is comprised of that type of cells?
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thin, squamous(flat)cells;
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Epithelial cells can increase membrane surface area (and number of transporters) apically with?
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microvilli, and basolaterally with basolateral membrane folds
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Thin descending segment of the loop of Henle is always highly permeable to ______, less permeable to ___ & ___
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water
urea and salt |
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Thin ascending segment of the loop of Henle is always impermeable to _____, but permeable to ___.
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water
NaCl - involves Na+/K+ ATPase |
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Movement of salt but not water in the Thin loop of Henle allows……………, and is key to the formation of __________.
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the interstitium to become hyperosmotic
concentrated urine |
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Thick ascending limb of Henle is comprised of that type of cells, folds, and microvilli?
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Cuboidal cells, basolateral folds (surface area) but very few microvilli;
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Thick ascending limb of Henle has what type of mitochondria?
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basolateral mitochondria (ATP)
involves Na+/K+ Atpase |
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Thick ascending limb of Henle Transports ions from……………, but is impermeable to ____.
(for reabsorption) |
the lumen to the interstitium
water |
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Macula densa is part of the ………… and is specialized for __________.
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juxtaglomerular appartus
monitoring osmolarity of filtrate |
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Distal convoluted tubule cells are similar in morphology to those of the?
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TALH.
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Distal convoluted tubule is impermeable to _____ and permeability to _____.
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water
NA+ |
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Distal convoluted tubule permeability to NA+ is stimulated by?
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aldosterone
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The collecting duct is comprised of what type of cells?
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Cells are cuboidal in cortical collecting tubules and early ducts, and columnar in later ducts
(closer to the calyx) (in other words, the height of the cell increases towards the distal region of the ducts). |
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The collecting duct cells have no _____ & ________ and fewer __________ than
proximal or distal tubule cells. |
Microvilli & basolateral folds
mitochondria |
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What are the two cell types:
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Principle cells and Intercalated cells
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Facts about Principal cells
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have water channels, AQP-2, that are regulated by the
hormone Vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone or ADH.) |
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Principal cells are regulated by?
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aldosterone (increases with aldosterone)
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Facts about Intercalated cells
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participate in H+ and HCO3- balance
reabsorb K+. These are found more in the initial, cortical regions than in the distal, medullary regions. |
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Juxtaglomerular cells (JG cells) are and secrete?
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Modified smooth muscle cells of the afferent arteriole.
Secrete renin. (Renin catalyzes the conversion of angiotensinogen to antiotensin I, which is in turn converted to angiotensin II in the lung. Angiotensin II stimulates aldosterone secretion) |
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Renin catalyzes the conversion of …………. to ………….., which is in turn converted to …….. in the lung. Angiotensin II stimulates ……….
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angiotensinogen to antiotensin I
angiotensin II aldosterone secretion |
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Angiotensin II stimulates?
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aldosterone secretion
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When rennin increases, angiotension 2 increases which is important for?
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Blood Pressure
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Relationship to systems regulating ECF volume and blood pressure: Systematic response
? Plasma volume ? sympathetic nerve outflow ? renin ? angiotensin 2 & aldosterone |
Decrease Plasma volume; Increase sympathetic nerve outflow; Increase renin; Increase angiotensin 2 & aldosterone
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Relationship to systems regulating ECF volume and blood pressure: Local response
? Arterial pressure ? stretch of muscle in afferent arteriole ? renin ? angiotensin 2 & Aldosterone |
Decrease Arterial pressure; Decrease stretch of muscle in afferent arteriole; Increase renin; Increase angiotensin 2 & aldosterone
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Relationship to systems regulating ECF volume and blood pressure: Local response
? Flow rate of fluid in the tubule ? NaCa delivery to macula densa ? rennin |
Decreased Flow rate of fluid in the tubule; Decrease NaCa delivery to macula densa; Increase rennin
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The Macula densa is?
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Modified cells of the distal tubule.
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The cells of the Macula densa are ____ & _____ and in contact with _______ .
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tall and narrow (“densa”),
the JG cells |
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Macula densa cells sense the osmolarity of …………… in ………..
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the tubular fluid in the distal tubule.
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Macula densa cells sense the osmolarity of the tubular fluid in the distal tubule
A high load of NaCl ? signal (probably ATP) ? JG cells, and inhibits ? |
A high load of NaCl sends a signal (probably ATP) to the JG cells, and inhibits renin secretion
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Macula densa afferent Arial smooth muscle provides?
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tubuloglomerular feedback
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Blood enters in the ________ from the __________.
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renal artery
Abdominal aorta |
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What are 3 arteries of the kidneys?
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interlobar arteries (in between the medullary pyramids)
arcuate arteries (along the border between cortex and medulla) interlobular arteries |
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There are no anastomoses in the kidneys which means?
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the loss of blood supply is not compensated, so that cell death occurs if any artery is blocked (this is not the case in most organs)
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There is no direct arterial supply to what part of the kidney?
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the medulla
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Capillary system in the kidney is unusual. What is the path of blood flow from Interlobular artery to efferent arteriole.
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Interlobular artery ~> afferent arteriole ~> glomerular capillary ~> efferent arteriole
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How many sets of arterioles does the kidney have?
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Two. Afferent and efferent arterioles
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Where does where filtration occur in the kidneys?
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glomerular capillaries
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How can afferent and efferent arterioles can be regulated
independently? |
portal circulation
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Blood in the efferent arterioles heads to?
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second set of capillaries called the peritubular capillaries in the cortex
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The peritubular capillaries surround ?
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The tubules
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What is the blood path from the Peritubular capillaries of the cortex to the inferior vena cava?
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Peritubular capillaries ~> interlobular vein, ~> arcuate vein ~> interlobar vein ~> renal vein ~> inferior vena cava
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In the medulla , these peritubular capillaries are called the _________ , which are adjacent to, and parallel to ………………………..
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vasa recta
the long loops of Henle and the collecting tubules |
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Blood in the vasa recta flows down to …………, then back up to ………………, and empties into the ………….
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the tip (papilla) of the pyramid
the junction between cortex and medulla arcuate veins |
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What is the blood path from the Peritubular capillaries (Vasa Recta) of the medulla to the inferior vena cava?
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Vasa Recta ~> the tip (papilla) of the pyramid ~> the junction between cortex and medulla ~>
arcuate veins ~> interlobar vein ~> renal vein ~> inferior vena cava |
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Modification of the ultrafiltrate involves ………………….. into the capillaries
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reabsorption and/or secretion
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Peritubular capillaries are essential for?
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reabsorption and/or secretion of most solutes
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Vasa recta is essential for?
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Na, urea and water transport involved in concentrating urine.
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With ultrafiltration, changing the charge can change the?
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permeability of a molecule
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