Physiology: Neuro 1&2

Front 1

The CNS runs from the brain down to the spinal cord while the PNS consists of nerves and ganglion outside the brain and spinal cord. T/f

Back 1

True

Front 2

___________ is primarily meant for interpretation and further processing of in-coming neural signals.

Back 2

The CNS

Front 3

Both in-coming and outgoing signals to PNS take different routes and referred to as the ________ and _________ signals respectively.

Back 3

Afferent and Efferent

Front 4

_____________ are chemical structured proteins that receive and transduce signals which may further be integrated into biological/ human system.

Back 4

Receptors

Front 5

What are the Types of Receptor?

Back 5

Cell surface receptors

•Ion channel-linked

•G-protein linked

•Enzyme linked

Internal receptors

Front 6

The nerve fibres are connected directly to one another. T/f

Back 6

False- they are not connected

The synaptic gap is present between two adjacent neurones.

Front 7

__________ are released by the nerve to facilitate the propagation of impulse across the synapse.

Back 7

Neurotransmitters

Front 8

Somatic sensation is subdivided into two namely:

Back 8

Exteroreceptive: These are concerned with sensations originating from the body surfaces

Proprioceptive: sensation are those relating physical states of the body.

Front 9

__________ are type of sensation is primarily originated from the visceral organ.

Back 9

Visceral sensation

Front 10

___________are type of sensation that originate from the deep tissues.

Back 10

Deep sensation

Front 11

Nerve fibres are basicaly of two types:

Back 11

1. A-fibres (they are also myelinated fibres).

2. C-fibres (they are the nonmyelinated fibres)

Front 12

The A fibres are further classified based on the _________ and _________ at which the neural signals are transmitted.

Back 12

Diameter & Speed

Front 13

The bigger the diameter of A-fibre the _______ the neural transmission.

Back 13

Faster

Front 14

The fibres conveying neural messages from the nociceptors are myelinated. T/f

Back 14

False - Unmyelinated

Front 15

What type of nerve fibers are involved in conveying pain?

Back 15

Aδ-fibers are also the smallest myelinated nerves and have a relatively fast conduction velocity of 30 m/s. The diameter of Aδ-fibers is about 2–5 µm, and is responsive towards short-lasting and pricking pain.

Front 16

What are the types of sensory pathways we have

Back 16

Dorsal column- medial lemniscal pathway

Anterolateral pathway

Front 17

___________ pathway is primarily made up of myelinated nerve fibres through which impulses are transmitted at faster rate within the range of 30-110 m/s

Back 17

Dorsal column-medial lemniscal

Front 18

____________ has a high degree of spatial orientation of the nerve fibre

Back 18

Dorsal column- medial lemniscal pathway

Front 19

The dorsal system is somewhat limited to mechanoreceptive sensations like touch, vibration, positional movement from the joints, pressure intensity. T/f

Back 19

True

Front 20

___________ pathway is utilized by neural signals from pain sensation, tickle, itch, sexual sensation, thermal sensatio

Back 20

Anterolateral

Front 21

The transmitted nerve impulse enters theCNS (spinal cord) through the ________ root

Back 21

Dorsal root

Front 22

The nerve impulse follows the medialbranch and then turns upward in the dorsalcolumn and further pass uninterruptedly tothe dorsal medulla (which also contains thecuneate and gracile nuclei).. T/f

Back 22

True

Front 23

Second order neurones which decussate immediately to the opposite side of the brain stem and are further projected upward and terminate on the thalamic sensory relay centre called the ‘_______________

Back 23

Ventrobasal complex.

Front 24

The third-order nerve fibres project to the somatic sensory area located in the post central gyrus of the cerebral cortex. T/f

Back 24

True

Front 25

The third-order nerve fibres project to the somatic sensory area located in the post central gyrus of the cerebral cortex. T/f

Back 25

True

Front 26

The anterolateral fibres cross immediately in the anterior commissure of the cord to the opposite side and turn upward toward the brain by way of spinothalamic tract to the thalamus (the ventrobasal complex).The signals are then transmitted to the somatosensory cortex. T/f

Back 26

True

Front 27

ANS is being driven by visceral reflex responses. The ANS is further divided into :

Back 27

Parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) and

Sympathetic nervous system (SNS).

Front 28

Echch ANS pathway from the cord to the stimulated tissue comprises two neurons mention them:

Back 28

Pre-ganglionic neurons and Post-ganglionic neurons

Front 29

The pre-ganglionic secretion in both PNS and SNS is the ___________. Meanwhile, the postganglionic secretion in SNS is ______________.

Back 29

Acetylcholine

Noradrenaline

Front 30

PNS stimulation takes its source from _________ while the SNS originates from the _______________

Back 30

Cranial nerves

Spinal cord at the thoracic region.

Front 31

The nervous system is a network and does not function in isolation. T/f

Back 31

True

Front 32

___________ is majorly responsible for voluntary activities while ___________ is meant for the involuntary ones

Back 32

Somatic stimulation

Visceral stimulation

Front 33

Major neurotransmitter as involved in PNS is _________ while ________ is involved with SNS.

Back 33

Acetylcholine

Noradrenaline

Front 34

The brain cortical areas meant for the interpretation of somatic sensation are marked _____________ with respect to Broadmann’s classification.

Back 34

Area 3, 1, 2

NB:

There exist connections between the area responsible for interpretation of sensory signal and the primary motor area

Front 35

___________ area is primarily concerned with the execution of skilled or voluntary movement.

Back 35

The motor area

Front 36

In the _______________ occurs the involvementof other areas of the brain inorder to bring about checksand balance as well ascomparation of the intendedmovement with the actualmovement e.g cerebellum etc.

Back 36

Motor Area

Front 37

The motor pathway from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord is called __________________

Back 37

The ‘Corticospinal tract’ or ‘Pyramidal tract’.

Front 38

The similar accessory motor pathways which are meant to modulate the motor signals in the pyramidal tract. These pathways are called _____________

Back 38

Extrapyramidal pathway’.

Front 39

Study

Back 39

Done

Front 40

Mention the Extrapyramidal tracts

Back 40

•Vestibulospinal tract

•Reticulospinal tract

•Rubrospinal tract

•Tectospinal tract

•Corticorubrospinal tract

•Corticorubral tract

Front 41

_____________ Tract Alter tone and change the position of the limbs and head with the goal of supporting posture and maintaining balance of the body and head

Back 41

Extrapyramidal Tracts

Front 42

_____________ tracts inhibits the extensor and stimulates the flexor muscles of the trunk and fore limbs

Back 42

Extrapyramidal Tract

Front 43

_______________ Controls muscle tone in the flexor group of muscles e

Back 43

Extrapyramidal Tract

Front 44

The brain stem consists of __________, ________ and the _________.

Back 44

Pons

Medulla

Midbrain

Front 45

The brain stem is the downward projection of spinal cord. T/f

Back 45

False- upward

Front 46

The vestibular and reticular nuclei as situated in the brain stem is primarily involved with the body movement and maintenance of equilibrium through excitation/inhibition of antigravity muscles. T/f

Back 46

True

Front 47

The activation ___________ nuclei antagonizes the excitatory signals from the pontine reticular nuclei

Back 47

Medulary reticular nuclei

Front 48

The activation of __________ nuclei further excites the antigravity muscles and helps to maintain stability.

Back 48

Vestibular nuclei

Front 49

Corticospinal tract is the main pathway for the motor signals. T/f

Back 49

True

Front 50

_____________pathway is considered an accessory motor pathway

Back 50

Extrapyramidal