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173 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Excretory System:
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1.Kidneys
2.Ureters 3.Urinary Bladder 4.Urethra |
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Kidneys: Location
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posterior abdominal cavity-above waistline due to liver; L kidney slightly higher than R kidney; retroperitoneal (kidneys behind, not in, peritoneal cavity; parietal peritoneum connects kidneys to posterior wall
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Kidneys: External Structure
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"bean" shaped; lateral border convex & medial border concave; hilus found at middle part of medial border
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hilus:
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entry/exit of bv's, lv's, and nerves
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Kidneys: Internal Structure
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1.Renal Capsule
2.Renal Cortex 3.Renal Medulla |
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Renal Capsule:
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outer layer WFCT covering kidneys
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Renal Cortex:
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kidney tissue @ outer surface of kidney just under capsule; find microscopic structures: renal corpucsles, proximal convoluted tubules, distal convoluted tubules, short loops of henle
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Renal Medulla:
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inside Renal Cortex; made up of 6 regions:
1.Renal pyramids 2.renal columns 3.renal papillae 4.minor calyx 5.major calyx 6.renal pelvis |
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renal pyramids:
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triangular; contain long loops of henle & collecting ducts; alternate with renal columns
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renal columns:
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allow bv's to move from hilum to renal cortex for blood supply
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renal papillae:
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tips of renal medulla; contains ~20collecting ducts; region where kidney stones form
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minor calyx:
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funnel shaped structure; closely associated w/ renal papillae; urine moves from renal papillae to calyx & drains urine from papillae; they fuse together to form major calyx
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major calyx:
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drains uring into renal pelvis
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renal pelvis:
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large hollow area; collection site of urine; before it exits the body, passes urine into ureter
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urine pathway out kidney:
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collecting duct-->renal papillae-->minor calyx-->major calyx-->renal pelvis-->ureter
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Kidneys: Nephron
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functional unit of kidney; ~1-3 million/kidney
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Nephron: Types
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1.Cortical Nephron
2.Juxtamedullary Nephron |
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Cortical Nephron:
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largely found in renal cortex; associates w/ short loops of henle; participate in various kidney functions; make up 85% of nephrons in kidneys
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Juxtamedullary Nephron:
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partially in renal cortex and partially in renal medulla; associates w/ long loops of henle; participate in mostly all kidney functions; make up 15% of nephrons in kidneys
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Nephron: Microscopic Structure
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1.Renal Corpuscle
2.Proximal Convoluted Tubule 3.Loop of Henle 4.Distal Convoluted Tubule 5.Collecting Ducts |
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Nephron: Renal Corpuscle
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made of
1.Bowmans Capsule 2.Glomerulus |
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Bowmans Capsule:
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present in 2 layers of cells: outer layer forms "cup" and inner layer made of special cells-podocytes-covering a group of capillaries-glomerulus
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Glomerulus:
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tuft of blood capillaries in Bowmans Capsule surrounded by Bowmans space
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Nephron: Proximal Convoluted Tubule
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found in Renal Cortex; wavy; leads to loop of henle
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Nephron: Loop of Henle
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1.descending limb: thick limb, followed by thin limb, making a turn and leading to
2.ascending limb: thin limb followed by thick limb; connects PCT to DCT |
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Nephron: Distal Convoluted Tubule
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connects Loop of Henle to a collecting duct; marks end of nephron
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Nephron: Collecting Ducts
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not part of nephron
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Nephron: Associated BV's
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renal artery carries blood to hilum of kidney & branches:
1.afferent arteriole 2.efferent arteriole 3.peritubular capillaries 4.vesa recta |
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afferent arteriole:
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carries blood to bowmans capsule and forms glomerulus
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efferent arteriole:
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carries blood out of bowmans capsule and to peritubular capillaries @ PCT & DCT
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peritubular capillaries:
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carry blood to vasa recta
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vasa recta:
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hair pin shaped capillaries around loop of henle (both long & short)
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Kidney: Fxns
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1.Excretion of Urine
2.Maintenance of Water Balance 3.Maintenance of Electrolyte Balance 4.Acid-Base Regulation 5.Influence on BP |
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Excretion of Urine:
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Glomerular Filtration --> Tubular Reabsorption --> Tubular Secretion
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GLomerular Filtration:
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1.blood under pressure in glom, creating filtration pressure
2.chemicals forced thru walls of glom, podocytes go into bowmans space & now called: Glomerular Filtrate |
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Glomerular Filtrate contains:
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Water, Glucose, AA (all relatively small molecules that can pass thru), electrolytes: Na, Ca, Cl, K, HCO3, PO4, SO4, and minute amounts of serum albumin, and vitamins & hormones in small amounts
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Tubular Reabsorption:
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chemicals are moved from nephron into peritubular capillaries/vesa recta and are back into blood
1.in PCT 2.in Long Loop of Henle 3.in DCT |
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Tubular Reabsorption in PCT:
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1.glucose
2.AA 3.Na/K/Ca & Cl 4.HCO3 5.Water 6.Waste products |
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Tubular Reabsorption in PCT: Glucose
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reabsorbed into PCT by active transport; up to a certain point- if concentration of glucose > 180 mg/100mL, glucose out into urine-->glucose= threshold substance
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Tubular Reabsorption in PCT: AA
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reabsorbed in PCT by active transport; threshhold substance
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Tubular Reabsorption in PCT: Na/K/Ca
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reabsorbed into PCT by active transport
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Tubular Reabsorption in PCT: Cl
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follows + ions by diffusion
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Tubular Reabsorption in PCT: HCO3
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reabsorbed in PCT by facilitated diffusion
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Tubular Reabsorption in PCT: Water
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(80%) reabsorbed in PCT by osmosis, following reabsorbed glucose, AA, and ions
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Tubular Reabsorption in PCT: Total Blood vol's
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1.180L fluid pass thru kidneys each day/24hrs
2.1 1/2 L urine excreted 3.total blood vol of avg person: 5L 4.this 5L passes thru body 36X day |
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Tubular Reabsorption in PCT: Waste Products
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1.Creatine (from skele musc activity)
2.Uric Acid (nucleic acid catabolism) 3.Urea (protein catabolism) *all eventually excreted thru urine |
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Tubular Reabsorption in Long Loop of Henle:
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produce countercurrent osmotic multiplier system
1.Ascending limb 2.Descending limb 3.COMS |
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Tubular Reabsorption in Long Loop of Henle: Ascending limb
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cells have specific mechanisms:
1.take Na/K/Cl out of filtrate & taking to the interstitial fluid 2.ionic conc decreasing as such ions are removed 3.water does not follow ions out of tube; tube impermeable to water |
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Tubular Reabsorption in Long Loop of Henle: Descending limb
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1.ions not transported out of tube
2.permeable to water, so it moves out of desc limb to interstitial fluid 3.ionc conc decreased @ tip of loop |
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Tubular Reabsorption in Long Loop of Henle: COMS
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established by movement of water associated w/ asc & desc limbs
1.by tip of loop & surrounding fluid- high conc of salt solution 2.low conc of salt solution at top of loop 3.concentration gradient formed by high conc to low conc *see reabsorption of Na/K/Cl |
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Tubular Reabsorption in DCT:
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1.hyperkalemia
2.hyponatremia 3.effect of aldosterone |
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Tubular Reabsorption in DCT: Hyperkalemia
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higher than normal K conc in blood; affects adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone
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Tubular Reabsorption in DCT: Hyponatremia
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lower than normal Na concentration in blood; affects adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone
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Tubular Reabsorption in DCT: effect of Aldosterone
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1.stimulates DCT cells to inc reabsorption of Na (Na to DCT to blood)
2.K ions secreted from DCT cells into filtrate & eventually out thru urine *Na in blood & K in urine maintaining electrolyte balance |
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Tubuluar Secretion:
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blood --> DCT cells --> urine;
1.K secretion to urine (aldosterone) 2. antibiotics (penicillin) 3.drugs (morphine) 4.sweetners (saccharin) |
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Principle Constituents of Urine:
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1.Water
2.electrolytes 3.NPN substances (waste products: creatine, urea, uric acid) 4.urochrome (pigment) aka urobilin: from break down of heme of old/dying RBCs into bilirubin & further metabolized in urine as urobilin |
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Kidney Fxn: Maintenance of Water Balance
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1.Obligatory reabsorption
2.facultative water reabsorption 3.Urea reabsorption |
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Maintenance of Water Balance: Obligatory Reabsorption
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thru osmosis; 80% water reabsorped thru this method;
1.PCT: Na/Cl/K/HCO3/ from filtrate to blood & water follows these ions 2.LoopHenle: descending limb (permeable to water), so ions pull water out 3.DCT: reaborbed by aldosterone mechanism & Cl follows Na & water follows both |
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Maintenance of Water Balance: Facultative water reabsorption
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19% water reabsorbed in kidneys thru this method;
1.dependent on hormone mechanism: antidiuretic hormone (ADH) |
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ADH gets involved by:
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hypothalamus contains osmoreceptors that are senstive to osmotic pressure of blood; osmoreceptors send nerve stimuli to posterior pituitary gland and it secretes ADH in response
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start w/ stimulus: dehydration
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blood > concentrated than normal, OP higher than normal: stimulates osmoreceptors to secrete ADH in blood & brought by blood to collecting duct: stimulates cells here and cells open up pores in cell membrane & allow water to move into COMS from collecting duct to blood of vasa recta
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start w/ stimulus: overhydration
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blood diluted & osomotic presure less than normal: no stimulus to pituitary gland, so no ADH secreted & excess water goes to urine
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Maintenance of Water Balance: Urea Reabsorption
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40% urea in filtrate reabsorbed back into the blood; only reabsoprtion under condition that ADH present; associated w/ collecting ducts
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Urea Reab. physiological fxn:
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supplement COMS system (adding to concentration gradient); important in facultative water reabsorption into blood
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Kidney Fxn: Electrolye Balance
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1.reabsorbs Na/K/CL/HCO3 primarily in PCT
2.reabsorbs Na/Cl in ascending limb of loop of henle 3.regulation of Na/K thru DCT/aldosterone |
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Kidney Fxn: Acid-Base Regulation
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normal blood pH 7.35-7.45
1.normal conditions: H+ ions released into filtrate & both PCT/DCT |
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H+ in PCT:
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HCO3 reabsorption
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H+ in DCT:
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picture
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Na2HPO4:
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in glomerular filtrate --> DCT cells secrete H+ --> Na2H2PO4- acidic, glomerular filtrate reaches pH 6.0
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Acid-Base Regulation: Acidosis
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pH blood < 7.35; low HCO3/PCO2 ratio
1.inc prod of NaH2PO4 up to a urine pH6 2.excess acid not compensated by NaH2PO4; higher than norm amts PCO2 entering DCTcells; DCT cells prod NH3 (ammonia; H+ acceptor) from Glutamine 3.DCT cells secrete NH3 & H+ into glom filtrate 4.formation of ammonium: NH3+H+ in glom filtrate->NH4 (acidic compd) in filtrate reducing acidity in fitrate & blood 5.formation of ammonium chloride: NH4+Cl- in filtrate->NH4Cl (pH4.5, lowest pH kidneys can prod) 6.NH4Cl passes thru glom filtrate to urine carrying acid w/ it |
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Acid-Base Regulation: Alkalosis
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pH blood >7.45; high HCO3/PCO2 ratio
1.excessive amt alkaline sub present in blood 2.PCO2 in DCT cells lower than norm & dont release H+ 3.less H+ secreted into glom filtrate 4.HCO3 in blood remains in glom filtrate, combines w/ NA&K ions as NaHCO3 & KHCO3, pass into urine & pH=8 |
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Kidney Fxn: Influence on BP
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1.Juxtaglomerular Apparatus
2.Blood supply to the kidneys reduced: Ischemia or Hponatremia |
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Juxtaglomerular Apparatus:
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1.Juxtaglomerular cells
2.Macula Densa Cells |
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Juxtaglomerular cells:
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found in walls of afferent arteriole, next to macula densa cells
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Macula Densa cells:
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found in DCT,next to JG cells
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Ischemia/Hyponatremia: Rxns
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1.JG cells release Renin into blood
2.Renin breaks down angiotensinogen (from liver) into angiotensin-I 3.angiotensin-I goes to lungs, where angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) converts it to angiotensin-II |
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Ischemia/Hyponatremia: Effects of Angiotensin-II
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1.general ateriole vasoconstriction that inc arterial BP & alleviates Ischemia
2.stimulates adrenal cortex gland to secrete aldosterone |
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aldosterone:
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inc Na reabsorption from DCT into blood->Cl follows Na & water follows both by osmosis into blood-> this inc Na content of blood & water retntion that contributes to inc in BP; *aldosterone action: alleviates low BP & low Na content
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Ischemia/Hyponatremia: Effects of Angiotensin-II (cont)
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3.stim inc secretion of ADH from posterior pituitary gland, causing inc facultative water reab & inc blood vol, in turn inc arterial BP; *water to blood alleviates low BP
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in summary, ang-II :
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alleviates hyponatremia & ischemia sensed by kidneys
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Ureters: Location
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retroperitoneal; medial side of kindey; exten from hilus into pelvic cavity; enter posterior inferior region of urinary bladder
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Ureters: Structure
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1.outer layer: fibroelastic CT
2.middle layer: 3 sperate layers of smooth musc 3.inner layer: mucous membrane containing transitional epithelium |
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Ureters: Fxn
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smooth musc peristaltic contractions cause urine to be moved from kidneys to urinary bladder; active movement, not draining
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Urinary Bladder: Location
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retroperitoneal; in pelvic cavity, behind pubic symphysis
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Urinary Bladder: Outer layer
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top= parietal peritoneum
sides & bottom= fibroelastic CT |
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Urinary Bladder: Middle layer
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3 layers of smooth musc= Detrusor muscle
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Urinary Bladder: Inner Layer
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1.mucous membrane of transitional epithelium (allows for stretching w/o tearing)
2.trigone: triangular region; formed by 2 urethral openings going into bladder & the urethral opening @ the base |
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Urinary Bladder: Fxn
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stabilized region to maintain normal orientation of urethral openings & one-way-urine flow into bladder
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Urinary Bladder: Sphincters associated
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1.inner/internal: ring of smooth mucs @ base of urinary baldder around urethra; involuntary
2.outer/external: skel musc around urethra distal to inner sphincter; males located next to inner sphincter, females located adjacent to urethral orifice |
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Urinary Bladder: Fxns
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1.reservoir for urine
2.micturation: elimination of urine from body; controlled by nervous reflex |
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micturation:
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1.bladder fills to ~300mL
2.stretch receptors in bladder send sersory impulses to spinal cord 3.motor impulses come back to bladder & stimulate contraction of detrusor musc w/ relaxation of internal sphincter 4.external sphincter relaxes, urine flows |
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Urethra:
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from bladder to outside; tube-like structure
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Urethra: location
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1.males: base of bladder thru prostate gland and to penis
2.females: anterior to vagina |
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Urethra: Fxns
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1.males: conducts urine & semen to outside body
2.females: conducts only urine outside body |
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problems in kidneys:
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1.kidney stones: calculi; 4 kinds, 85% calcium oxalate; stone precipitates in renal papillae, parts break off and go into renal pelvis, into ureter; staghorn calculus: when kideny infection; ammonium salts
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Endocrine System: General Mode of Activity
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1.endoc glands synthesize hormones: steroids, amines, small peptides, proteins
2.glands release hormones into blood 3.hormones transported in blood, arrive @ target tissue where bind w/ receptors (cepcific combos) 4.hormone receptors combine @ cell membrane of cells causing alteration of enzymatic activities in cells |
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Endocrine sys: Pituitary Gland/Hypophysis
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master gland
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Pituitary Gland/Hypophysis: Location
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in sella turcica of sphenoid bone
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Pituitary Gland/Hypophysis: Components
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1.Infundibulum
2.Posterior Pituitary Gland 3.Anterior Pituitary Gland |
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Infundibulum:
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hypophyseal stalk; connects hypothalamus to posterior pituitary
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Posterior Pituitary Gland:
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Neurohypophysis/Pars Nervosa
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Anterior Pituitary Gland:
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Adenohypophysis/Pars Distalis; not functionally connected to infundibulum in physical means & hypothalamus
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Posterior Pituitary Secretions:
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ADH & Oxytocin
1.both produced in hypothalamus 2.both transported to post pit by infundibulum 3.both stored in post pit 4.both released from post pit by nerve impulses |
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ADH:
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facultative water absorption in kidney; diabetes insipidus: lack of secretion of ADH->produces poly uria
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poly uria:
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excretion of large volume of dilute urine; can be alleviated
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Oxytocin:
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associated w/ childbirth; stimulates uterin smooth musc contractions @ time of labor & delivery; then stimulates milk lactation from breast thru nerve sucking reflex
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Anterior Pituitary Gland:
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1.produces & secretes Trophic Hormones (controls for all other endocrine secretions)
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Anterior Pituitary Gland: Releasing hormones
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produced in hypothalamus & control secretion of Trophic hormones by ant pit gland; control a specific trophic hormone: hypothylamic-hypophyseal portal system (HHP)
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HHP:
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series of BVs that begin in hypothalamus, passes thru infundibulum & terminates in ant pit.
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overall,
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realeasing hormone -> HHP -> ant pit -> secretes trophic hormones
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Antior Pituitary Secretions:
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1.Somatotrophic Hormone (STH) or Growth Hormone (GH)
2.Gonadotrophic Hormones 3.Adrenocorticotophic Hormone (ACTH) 4.Thyrotrophic/ Thryroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) 5.Lactogenic Hormone/Prolactin (Dopamine) 6.Prolactin Inhibitory Hormone (PIH) |
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STH/GH:
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1.stimulates liver secretion of somatomedins/isulin-like growth factor: stimulates growth of long bones
2.stimulates AA intake into cells in general; favors protein synthesis 3.decreases glucose utilization by skeletal musc cells 4.glycogenolysis in liver; break down glycogen to flucose; glucose out liver & into blood; occurs b/w meals helping maintain norm glucose conc 5.lypolysis in adipose tiss; favors break down of triglycerides into fa & glycerole, to the liver, produces keto acids 6.hypersecretion |
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Hypersecretion: Adolescence
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Giantism; stimulates bone growth before closure of long bones; tall heights (8ft); tallest man 8'11"
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Hypersecretion: Adult
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Tumor in ant/post pit gland; increases growth in facial bones, cartilages of skull, and soft tiss of hands/feet
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Gonadotrophic Hormones:
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1.Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
2.Luteinizing Hormone (LH) |
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FSH:
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1.females: stimulates production of eggs in ovary; stimulates ovarian tube to secrete estrogen
2.males: stimulates production of sperm in testis |
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LH:
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1.females: stimulates maturation of ovarian follicle; induces ovulation (egg out follice); stimulates production corpus luteum; stimulates corpus luteum to secrete estrogen & progesterone
2.males: aka interstitial cell stimulating hormone (ICSH); stimulates leydig cells in testis to secrete testosterone |
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ACTH:
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1.stimulates maintenance & fxning of adrenal cortex, except zonaglomerulosa
2.stimulates production & secretion of adrenocorticosteroid hormones |
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TSH:
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1.maintains theyroid gland
2.stimulates secretion of Thyroid Gland: T3 & T4 |
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Prolactin/Dopamine:
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1.females: stimulate milk production in lactating breast
2.males: enhances testosterone secretion from testis |
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PIH:
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inhibits prolactin secretion in non-pregnant females
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Thyroid Gland: Location
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Bi-lobe structure w/ H shape found in the neck; anterior to trachea; just below the larynx
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Thyroid Gland: Hormones Production
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1.Thyroxine (T4, Tetraiodothyronine-4; # iodine mol.): long lasting
2.TriIodothyronine (T3): short time period operations 3.Calcitonin |
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Thyroid Gland: Control of T3-T4 secretion
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picture
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Thyroid Gland: Actions of T3-T4
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stimulate:
1.Rate of Carbohydrate Metabolism: Glucose Metab- generates heat & normally closely regulated T3T4, so CHO metab & body temp also closely regulated 2.Protein Synthesis |
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Thyroid Gland: Abnormalities of Thyroxine-Related Fxns:
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1.Hypothyroidism
2.Hyperthyroidism |
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Hypothyroidism:
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caused by lack of iodine in diet; thyroid cells trying to inc as much iodine as possible, so enlarge the gland
1.Idiopathic Non-toxic Goiter 2.Cretinism |
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Idiopathic Non-Toxic Goiter:
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Myxedema; form hypothyroidism w/ unknown cause; occurs in adults; T3T4 levels low in blood -> low CHO metab levels -> low levels body temp -> lethargy -> bradycardia (slow HR)
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Cretinism:
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associated w/ fetal development; thyroid gland not completely developed/developed properly; lack of T3T4 -> normal growth stunted -> dwarfism; abnormal develop can eventually lead to MR
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Hyperthyroidism:
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caused by excessive T3T4 secretions
1.Exopthalmic Goiter-Graves Disease |
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Exopthalmic Goiter: Symptoms
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slightly enlarged gland bc oversecretion; inc rate of metab -> inc body temp -> excessive sweating -> nervous/tense -> tachycardia (inc HR); expothalmos= accumulation of fluid behind eyes, inc press -> protruding eyes
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Exopthalmic Goiter: Cause
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production of abnormal Protein: TSI (thyroid stimulating immunoglobulin; autoimmune problem; Blymphocytes produce TSI -> TSI stimulates thyroid to abnormally oversecrete
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Thyroid Gland: Calcitonin
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not under the influence of ant pit gland as T3T4 are
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Calcitonin reduces Ca levels in blood by:
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1.stim osteoblasts -> make new bone tiss -> Ca from blood put into new bone, reducing levels in blood
2.inhibits osteoclasts 3.inhibits Ca uptake from small int 4.inhibits Ca reabsorption in PCT of nephron |
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Thyroid Gland: Parathyroid Glands
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4; not under influence of ant pit gland; influence related to Ca in blood
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Parathyroid Glands: Location
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embedded in lobes of posterior surface of thyroid gland (seperate tissues for each gland)
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Parathyroid Glands: Hormone Production
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Parathormone or Parathyroid Hormone
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Parathormone Fxn:
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exactly opp of calcitonin:
1.inhibits osteoblasts 2.stimulates osteoclasts, breaking down bone & adding Ca to blood 3.stimulates Ca uptake in sm int 4.stimulates Ca reabsorption in PCT of nephron |
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Thyroid Gland: Adrenal Glands
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2; Suprarenal Glands
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Adrenal Glands: Location
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superior surfaces of kidneys
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Adrenal Glands: Structures
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2 tissue layers:
1.Adrenal Cortex- outer tiss; under control of ant pit 2.Adrenal Medulla-inside renal cortex; under control of symp NS |
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* missed class
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* missed class notes
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Male Reproductive System: Scrotum
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sac of skin located below penis, containing testis & epididymis
1.Cryptochidism |
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Cryptochidism:
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prior to birth, testis & epididymis in abdominal cavity -> pass thru inguinal canal -> scrotum; with some males, testes dont descend & have cryptochidism; can cause to become sterile
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Male Reproductive System: Testis
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1.Tunica Vaginalis
2.Tunica Albuginea 3.Seminiferous Tubules 4.Leydig Cells 5.Tubulus Rectus 6.Rete Testis 7.Efferent Ductules |
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Tunica Vaginalis
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membrane surrounding testes & epididymis
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Tunica Albuginea
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outer coat of testies; WFCT; from surface, extensions (septa) inward forming compartments
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Seminiferous Tubules
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in compartments; closed circular tubules; 1/compartment; site in testies where sperm produced
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Leydig Cells
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w/in compartments, but outside seminiferous tubules; secrete testosterone
1.ICSH influence 2.Testosterone influence |
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ICSH:
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from ant pit -> stimulates leydig cells to produce & secrete testosterone
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Testosterone:
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creates 2ndary sex char; needed for prod of sperm; once matured needed to maintain structure & fxning of epididymis, vas deferns, seminal vesicles, & prostate gland
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Tubulis Rectus:
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connects simiferous tubule to a network of tubules: Rete Testis
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Rete Testis:
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connects to efferent ductules
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Efferent ductules:
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connect Rete Testis to epididymis (single tubule)
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pathway of sperm out of Testis:
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seminiferous tubules -> tubulis Rectus -> Rete Testis ->efferent ductules
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Male Reproductive System: Epididymis
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single tubule; highly convoluted; measures 18-20' in length; located in C shaped structure on post side of testis
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Epididymis Fxn:
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store sperm arriving in it; maturation process occurs- capacitation (if not mature in epididymis, cant fertilize an egg)
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Male Reproductive System: Vas Deferens/Ductus Deferens
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epididymis opens into it; muscular tube with wall of smooth musc; passes from epididymis into inguinal canal, into abdominal cavity, over top of urinary bladder, down to base of bladder on post side, fuses w/ duct of seminal vessicle creating ejaculatory duct
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Male Reproductive System: Ejaculatory Duct
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opens into urethra, just below prostate gland
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Male Reproductive System: Seminal Vesicles
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small glands; Fxn: secrete higher conc of fructose & AA; seminal fluid produced in fructose & AA serve as nutrients for sperm in fluid; 60% sperm in seminal fluid
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Male Reproductive System: Prostate Gland
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@ base of urinary bladder; surrounds urethra
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Prostate Gland Fxn:
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secretes alkaline fluid (pH7.5)
1.enhances sperm motility 2.protective agent a/g female acidic reproductive tract |
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Male Reproductive System: Cowper's Gland/Bulbourethral Gland
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just below prostate gland
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Cowper's Gland Fxn:
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secretes clear, viscous fluid into urethra, lubricating (secretions occur before passage of seminal fluid thru urethra)
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Male Reproductive System: Penis
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male copulatory organ; many tissues
1.Erectile Tissue 2.Connective tissue 3.Outer layer of skin 4.Reproductive Fxn |
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Penis: Erectile Tissue
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contains blood sinuses:
1.Corpora Carvernos 2.Corpus Spongiosum |
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Corpora Carvernos:
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2 superior columns connected
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Corpus Spongiosum:
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encircles urethra & expands into glans @ distal end of penis
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Penis: Outer layer of skin
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convers CT & extends over length of penis; @ distal end forms a fold- Prepuce/Foreskin;
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Penis: Reproductive Fxn
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insemination in female/copulation/coitus; 3 phases:
1.erection 2.emission 3.ejaculation |
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1.Erection
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sexual arousal/physiological or physical stimuli
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2.Emission
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sperm & seminal fluid transported from epididymis (after capacitation) to urethra by symp stimuli to sm musc of vas deferens by peristalsis; contents now in bulb of penis
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3.Ejaculation
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parasymp. stimuli cause vasodilation of arterioles -> great deal of blood entering blood sinuses of erctile tiss -> venous drainage reduced -> sensory imupulses from glans sent to spinal cord -> reflex occurs & motor impulses come back to skel musc: Bulbocavernosus Muscle, surrounding bulb of penis -> causes strong contraction occurs in waves and ejaculate
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