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283 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
True or False: All tissues are bathed by blood which contains hormone.
|
False - not the brain or placenta
|
|
What is the advantage of most tissues being bathed by blood which contains hormone?
|
allows body to adjust to changing conditions and function synchronously
|
|
True or False: Hormones can be released in response to nerve stimulation.
|
True
|
|
What is the purpose of an immunoassay?
|
recognizes a single hormone
|
|
What enzymes are activated by cAMP?
|
adenylyl cyclase
protein kinase A |
|
What is cAMP made from?
|
ATP
|
|
What does diacylglycerol activate?
|
protein kinase C
|
|
What is the effect of inositol triphosphate?
|
triggers release of Ca2+ from endoplasmic reticulum
|
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What triggers release of Ca2+ from the endoplasmic reticulum?
|
inositol triphosphate
|
|
What activates protein kinase C?
|
diacylglycerol
|
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What enzyme catalyzes the conversion of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-diphosphate to inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate and diacylglycerol?
|
phospholipase C
|
|
What reaction is catalyzed by phospholipase C?
|
conversion of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-diphosphate to inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate and diacylglycerol
|
|
What activates adenylyl cyclase and protein kinase A?
|
cAMP
|
|
What are the three regions of the pituitary gland?
|
anterior lobe - adenohypophysis
posterior lobe - neurohypophysis intermediate lobe - pars intermedia |
|
Which hormones are produced by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland?
|
FSH - follicle stimulating hormone
LH - luteinizing hormone ACTH - adrenocorticotropic hormone GH - growth hormone TSH - thyroid stimulating hormone PRL - prolactin |
|
Which gland produces the following hormones: FSH, LH, ACTH, GH, TSH, PRL?
|
pituitary gland (anterior lobe)
|
|
True or False: Growth hormone directly stimulates growth.
|
False - IGF-I stimulates growth
|
|
Where are GHRH and somatostatin produced?
|
hypothalamus
|
|
What is the function of somatostatin?
|
inhibits release of growth hormone, insulin, and glucagon
|
|
What inhibits release of growth hormone from the pituitary gland?
|
somatostatin
|
|
What promotes release of growth hormone from the pituitary gland?
|
growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)
|
|
Growth hormone increases the activity of what kind of cells?
|
chondrocytes
|
|
What kinds of extrinsic factors affect growth?
|
protein
vitamins minerals calories |
|
True or False: GH fails to promote growth in absence of insulin or thyroid hormones.
|
True
|
|
What are the three phases of growth?
|
in utero
prepubertal puberty |
|
Which phase of growth is primarily due to GH?
|
prepubertal
|
|
What is involved in growth during the in utero phase?
|
IGF-I and IGF-II
|
|
What is involved in growth during the prepubertal phase?
|
GH and thyroid hormones
|
|
What hormone is involved in growth during puberty?
|
testosterone or estrogen
|
|
What causes growth to cease during puberty?
|
estrogen
|
|
In what age range does IGF-I peak?
|
13-17
|
|
What causes linear growth to stop?
|
closure of the epiphyses of long bones
|
|
True or False: Growth hormone is important in adults.
|
True
|
|
True or False: GH plasma levels are low during the first days of life and increase by about 2 weeks of age.
|
False
|
|
When in the day do growth hormone levels peak?
|
shortly after the onset of sleep
|
|
What activites cause an increase in the level of growth hormone?
|
exercise
eating fasting |
|
What are the physiological effects of GH on proteins?
|
increases amino acid transport into cells (positive nitrogen balance)
increases mRNA (and protein) synthesis |
|
What are the physiological effects of GH on fatty acids?
|
increases release from adipose tissues (and blood lipid levels)
increases usage of fatty acids as energy source ketosis from prolonged GH excess |
|
What are the physiological effects of GH on carbohydrates?
|
decreases utilization by inhibiting glucose uptake into muscle
increases tissue glycogen stores increases blood carbohydrate levels |
|
True or False: Pituitary diabetes severely affects glucose utilization.
|
False - only moderate effect
|
|
True or False: Prolonged elevation of blood glucose can lead to true diabetes.
|
True - due to burn out of insulin producing cells of the pancreas
|
|
True or False: IGF-I has direct effect on linear growth.
|
True
|
|
What disease states are caused by excess growth hormone?
|
gigantism in growing person
acromegaly if linear growth has stopped |
|
What is acromegaly?
|
excess growth of soft tissues due to excess growth hormone
|
|
What disease state is caused by growth hormone deficiency?
|
dwarfism
|
|
What disease state is caused by IGF-I deficiency?
|
Laron dwarfism
|
|
True or False: Laron dwarfism cannot be treated with growth hormone.
|
True
|
|
Laron dwarfism is caused by deficiency of which hormone?
|
IGF-I
|
|
Is growth hormone deficiency a primary or secondary growth abnormality?
|
secondary
|
|
Is osterochondrodysplasia a primary or secondary growth abnormality?
|
primary
|
|
What is caused by excess ACTH?
|
Addisons and Cushing syndromes and skin darkening
|
|
Which hormones are released from the intermediate lobe of the pituitary gland?
|
MSH - melanocyte stimulating hormone
|
|
αMSH has the same first thirteen amino acids as which other hormone?
|
ACTH
|
|
Which hormones are released from the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland?
|
ADH - antidiuretic hormone
oxytocin |
|
Where are ADH and oxytocin produced?
|
hypothalamus
(ADH in supraoptic nuclei) (oxytocin in paraventicular nuclei) |
|
Which gland releases melanocyte stimulating hormone?
|
pituitary gland (intermediate lobe)
|
|
How are ADH and oxytocin transported from the hypothalamus to the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland?
|
along axons of the neurohypophyseal tract
|
|
What is the effect of ADH on the kindeys?
|
increased water reabsorption due to increased permeability of collecting ducts
|
|
What is caused by a lack of ADH?
|
diabetes insipidus - excretion of large volumes of urine
|
|
What is caused by a lack of insulin?
|
diabetes mellitus
|
|
Dilute urine is associated with which type of diabetes?
|
diabetes insipidus
|
|
Sweet urine is associated with which type of diabetes?
|
diabetes mellitus
|
|
What are some factors that can increase release of ADH from the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland?
|
surgical stress
morphine nicotine barbiturates |
|
What is the threshold of plasma osmolarity for the release of ADH from the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland?
|
280 mOsm
|
|
What is the normal plasma osmolarity?
|
290 mOsm
|
|
What are some factors that can decrease release of ADH from the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland?
|
alcohol
opiate antagonists |
|
What is caused by massive amounts of ADH?
|
hemmorhage or circulatory shock due to contraction of smooth muscles of blood vessels (increases blood pressure)
|
|
What are the effects of oxytocin?
|
contraction of smooth muscle of the uterus (parturition) and myoepithelial cells of the breasts (milk letdown effect)
|
|
True or False: Oxytocin causes milk to be ejected into the ducts of the breasts.
|
True
|
|
Which gland produces calcitonin?
|
thyroid gland (C-cells)
|
|
Which hormone is produced by the C-cells (parafollicular cells) of the thyroid gland?
|
calcitonin
|
|
True or False: Calcitonin is a thyroid hormone.
|
False - peptide hormone
|
|
Where in the thyroid gland is thyroglobulin located?
|
colloid (middle of all of the follicles)
|
|
Where is iodide absorbed?
|
intestine
|
|
What is the minimum daily requirement of iodide?
|
75 µg
|
|
How much iodide is in a typical daily diet in the U.S.?
|
300-400 µg
|
|
What are the four classes of cell membrane hormone receptors?
|
G protein coupled
tyrosine kinase cytokine TGF-β |
|
Is iodide taken up by the cells of the thyroid gland by active transport or passive diffusion?
|
active transport
|
|
How many times greater can iodide concentration be in the cells of the thyroid gland compared to the blood?
|
25-50
|
|
What do G protein coupled receptors activate?
|
adenylyl cyclase (ATP --> cAMP)
|
|
True or False: Thyroglobulin is a glycoprotein.
|
True
|
|
True or False: Under normal circumstances, there is a limited store of colloid in the thyroid gland.
|
False - normally a vast store
|
|
What is a goiter?
|
enlarged thyroid gland
|
|
What is the function of thiocyanates and perchlorate?
|
block uptake of iodide
|
|
What is the function of propylthiouracil and methimazole?
|
block organification and coupling of iodide
|
|
What are thiocyanates, perchlorate, propylthiouracil, and methimazole known as?
|
goitrogens
|
|
What is the name of the enzyme that deiodinates monoiodotyrosine and diiodityrosine?
|
iodotyrosine dehalogenase
|
|
Which is secreted from the thyroid gland in higher amounts: T3 or T4?
|
T4
|
|
True or False: The vast majority of T3 and T4 are covalently bound to specific circulating proteins.
|
False - noncovalently bound
|
|
What proteins do T3 and T4 bind to?
|
thyroxine binding globulin (TBG)
thyroxine binding prealbumin (TBPA) albumin |
|
True or False: T4 is converted to T3 in peripheral tissues.
|
True
|
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True or False: If synthesis of thyroid hormone were to suddenly stop, there would be rapid changes in thyroid hormone levels.
|
False
|
|
Which hormones control thyroid hormone secretion?
|
thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) T3 & T4 |
|
What is thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) released from?
|
hypothalamus
|
|
What is the effect of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)?
|
stimulates release of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) from the anterior lobe of the pituitary glamd
|
|
What processes does thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) stimulate?
|
iodide uptake
organification of iodide coupling of iodide thyroglobulin breakdown |
|
Which subunit is the same for TSH, FSH, LH, and LCG?
|
α-subunit
|
|
Do T3 & T4 inhibit or stimulate release of TSH from the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland?
|
inhibit
|
|
What can result from an absence of T3 & T4?
|
goiter
|
|
Does increased iodide cause a decrease or increase in responsiveness to TSH?
|
decrease
|
|
Does decreased iodide cause a decrease or increase in responsiveness to TSH?
|
increase
|
|
What is the most common form of hyperthyroidism?
|
Graves disease
|
|
Which hormone is found in most cases of Graves disease?
|
long acting thyroid stimulator (LATS)
|
|
What disease is caused by absence of thyroid hormones?
|
cretinism
|
|
Do thyroid hormones lead to decreased or increased O2 consumption by almost all body tissues?
|
increased
|
|
Do low amounts of thyroid hormones cause an increase in protein breakdown or synthesis?
|
increase in protein synthesis
|
|
Do excessive amounts of thyroid hormone cause an increase in protein breakdown or synthesis?
|
increase in protein breakdown
|
|
Does hyperthyroidism cause a decrease or increase in heart rate?
|
increase
|
|
Does hypothyroidism cause a decrease or increase in heart rate?
|
decrease
|
|
What is myxedema and what is it caused by?
|
puffiness of skin due to increased water retention caused by low levels of thyroid hormones
|
|
True or False: Thyroid hormones decrease sensitivity of heart to catecholamines.
|
False - increase sensitivity
|
|
What are poor toleration of cold, coarse fair, husky & low voice, and slow mental processes characteristic of?
|
severe myxedema from hypothyroidism
|
|
True or False: TSH levels are elevated in hypothyroidism.
|
True - due to loss of feedback inhibition
|
|
How can cretinism be treated?
|
thyroid hormone replacement
|
|
What are the characteristics of cretinism?
|
dwarfed, mentally retarded children
|
|
What are hear intolerance, nervousness, and exophtalamus characteristic of?
|
hyperthyroidism
|
|
True or False: Thyroid gland tumors are associated with goiters.
|
False
|
|
True or False: Graves disease is associated with goiter.
|
True
|
|
What percentage of the pancreas is made up of Islets of Langerhans?
|
1-2%
|
|
What do the α cells of the pancreas secrete?
|
glucagon
|
|
Are the α cells of the pancreas responsible for an anabolic or catabolic effect?
|
catabolic
|
|
Which pancreatic cells secrete glucagon?
|
α cells
|
|
What percentage of pancreatic cells are α cells?
|
25%
|
|
What is secreted by the β cells of the pancreas?
|
insulin
|
|
Are the β cells of the pancreas responsible for an anabolic or catabolic effect?
|
anabolic
|
|
What percentage of pacreatic cells are β cells?
|
60%
|
|
What is secreted by the δ cells of the pancreas?
|
somatostatin
|
|
What is secreted by the F cells of the pancreas?
|
pancreatic polypeptide
|
|
True or False: Glucagon, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide are only secreted by cells of the pancreas?
|
False - also by cells in mucosa of GI tract
|
|
What type of hormone is insulin?
|
polypeptide hormone
|
|
What is the structure of insulin?
|
A and B chains connected by disulfide bonds
|
|
What percentage of the population has diabetes mellitus?
|
5%
|
|
Which chain in insulin is longer: A chain or B chain?
|
B chain
|
|
Is juvenile onset diabetes a type 1 or type 2 diabetes?
|
type 1
|
|
True or False: There is a strong genetic link for type 2 diabetes?
|
True
|
|
At what age does type 2 diabetes generally occur?
|
after 40
|
|
True or False: Type 2 diabetes can often be controlled with diet.
|
True
|
|
What does hyperglycemia refer to?
|
elevated plasma glucose levels because glucose uptake by many tissues is decreased
|
|
What is the normal plasma glucose level?
|
90 mg%
|
|
What is the normal blood glucose level in urine?
|
0
|
|
What does glycosurea refer to?
|
capacity of kidneys to reabsorb glucose is exceeded
|
|
What does polyurea refer to?
|
high osmolarity due to glucose draws in water causing increased urine flow
|
|
What does ketosis refer to?
|
increased protein and fat catabolism due to low intracellular glucose levels
|
|
What can ketosis lead to if left untreated?
|
acidosis and coma
|
|
What does polydipsia refer to?
|
excessive thirst
|
|
What does polyphagia refer to?
|
increased appetite with weight loss
|
|
What are 7 characteristics of diabetes mellitus?
|
hyperglycemia
glycosurea polyurea ketosis polydipsia polyphagia reduced growth |
|
Which enzyme in the liver is induced by insulin?
|
glucokinase (catalyzes glucose --> glucose-6-P)
|
|
True or False: Insulin increases the number of glucose transporters in the cell membrane of liver cells.
|
False
|
|
What are some tissues that are not affected by insulin?
|
intestine
kidneys brain red blood cells |
|
True or False: Oral glucose and intravenous glucose promote insulin release with the same effectiveness.
|
False - oral glucose is more effective
|
|
What happens in the two phases of the effect of glucose?
|
First Phase: insulin peaks within 5 minutes due to release of existing stores
Second Phase: due to synthesis of insulin |
|
What is the effect of the drug metformin?
|
stimulates sensitivity to insulin
|
|
Prolonged stimulation by glucose can lead to hypertrophy and exhaustion of which cells of the pancreas?
|
β cells
|
|
Which cells in the gut secrete glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP)?
|
K cells
|
|
Which cells in the gut secrete glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)?
|
L cells
|
|
What are the two incretins from the gut that are responsible for oral glucose being more effective than intravenous glucose in promoting insulin release?
|
glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP)
glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) |
|
True or False: Amino acids and β-keto acids cause insulin release.
|
True
|
|
Does glucagon lower or raise blood glucose levels?
|
raise
|
|
What kind of hormone is glucagon?
|
polypeptide hormone
|
|
True or False: Elevated blood glucose levels alone can cause a decrease in glucagon secretion.
|
False - some insulin must be present
|
|
Which gene in the Y chromosome is the sex-determining region?
|
SRY gene
|
|
True or False: Genetic sex is determined at the time the egg is fertilized by the sperm.
|
True
|
|
What are the accessory sex tissues in males?
|
epididymus
vas deferens seminal vesicles ejaculatory duct |
|
What are the accessory sex tissues in females?
|
uterus
fallopian tubes |
|
What is a Barr body?
|
the inactive X chromosome in somatic cells of a female
|
|
True or False: An embryo at the seventh week of intrauterine life is equppied with the primordia of both the male and female genital ducts.
|
True
|
|
Which ducts develop into the accessory sex tissues in females?
|
mullerian ducts
|
|
Which ducts develop into the accessory sex tissues in males?
|
Wolffian ducts
|
|
Do the mullerian ducts develop into the accessory sex tissues in females or males?
|
females
|
|
Do the Wolffian ducts develop into the accessory sex tissues in females or males?
|
males
|
|
What factors lead to development of the male accessory sex tissues?
|
androgens and mullerian inhibiting factor from the fetal testis
|
|
What makes up 80% of the testes?
|
seminiferous tubules
|
|
What do the seminiferous tubules of the testes drain into?
|
epididymis
|
|
How much is the difference in temperature in the scrotum compared to the body core?
|
1-2ºC lower
|
|
What percentage of the testes are made up of seminiferous tubules?
|
80%
|
|
What are the two types of cells in the testis?
|
Sertoli cells
Leydig (interstitial) cells |
|
Which cells of the testis act as a source of nourishment for spermatids?
|
Sertoli cells
|
|
Which cells of the testis extend from the basement membrane to the lumen of the seminiferous tubule?
|
Sertoli cells
|
|
What is the function of the Sertoli cells of the testis?
|
act as a source of nourishment for spermatids
|
|
Where in the testis are the Sertoli cells located?
|
extending from the basement membrane to the lumen of the seminiferous tubule
|
|
Where in the testis are the Leydig cells located?
|
between the seminiferous tubules
|
|
Which cells of the testis are the major source of androgens?
|
Leydig cells
|
|
What is the major androgen produced by the Leydig cells of the testis?
|
testosterone
|
|
Which cells of the testis are located between the seminiferous tubules?
|
Leydig cells
|
|
What is the function of the Leydig cells of the testis?
|
major source of androgens
|
|
True or False: The prepubertal testis produces extremely low levels of testosterone.
|
True
|
|
What is the testosterone level in adult males?
|
600 ng/dL
|
|
What are three forms of testosterone in the body?
|
1-2% free form
65% noncovalently bound to sex steroid-binding globulin 33% bound to albumin & other proteins |
|
At approximately what age does the lumen of the seminiferous tubules develop and spermatogenesis begin in males?
|
12
|
|
True or False: In a prepubertal male, the seminiferous tubules contain spermatogonia and Sertoli cells.
|
True (but they are solid - no lumen)
|
|
Approximately how many sperm are produced by a male each day?
|
100-200 million
|
|
Describe spermatogenesis up to the development of spermatozoa.
|
- spermatogonia undergo mitosis to produce primary spermatocytes
- primary spermatocytes undergo meiosis to produce secondary spermatocytes - secondary spermatocytes undergo meiosis to produce spermatids - spermatids lose cytoplasm, form a tail, and develop into spermatozoa |
|
True or False: As spermatozoa develop, they are displaced away from the lumen of the testes.
|
False
|
|
Describe the flow of sperm from the testes out the urethra.
|
- sperm drain from the seminiferous tubules into the epididymis
- sperm move to the vas deferens - sperm move through the ejaculatory ducts - sperm move into the urethra in the body of the prostate |
|
How long after ejaculation do sperm remain active?
|
about 2 days
|
|
How long after ejaculation do sperm become capacitated?
|
4-6 hours
|
|
How many sperm are there in the typical 2-4 mL ejaculate?
|
200-400 million
|
|
How long does it take for spermatids to develop from spermatocytes?
|
60-70 days
|
|
True or False: Certain hormones affect the rate of the development of spermatocytes.
|
False
|
|
How long does it take for sperm to move through the epididymis?
|
2-4 weeks
|
|
What is the function of the epididymis?
|
allows for the maturation of sperm
|
|
What is the function of the vas deferens?
|
storage site for sperm
|
|
True or False: Sperm may remain viable in the vas deferens for several months.
|
True
|
|
Which structure is the storage site for sperm?
|
vas deferens
|
|
Which structure allows for the maturation of sperm?
|
epididymis
|
|
True or False: Testosterone is an anabolic steroid.
|
True
|
|
What is caused by premature secretion of testosterone?
|
shortened stature due to premature uniting of the epiphysis of long bones
|
|
True or False: Testosterone causes a decrease in the bone matrix, leading to bone thinning.
|
False
|
|
Testosterone increases retention of which elements?
|
nitrogen
potassium phosphorus calcium |
|
What is the effect of leutenizing hormone (LH) on the testes?
|
acts on Leydig cells to promote testosterone synthesis
|
|
Where is gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) released from?
|
hypothalamus
|
|
What is the effect of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) on the testes?
|
stimulates fetal secretion of testosterone
|
|
Which hormone promotes the synthesis of testosterone by the Leydig cells of the testes?
|
leutenizing hormone (LH)
|
|
Which hormone stimulates fetal secretion of testosterone?
|
gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)
|
|
What is the effect of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) on the testes?
|
acts on Sertoli cells and is required for proper spermatogenesis
|
|
Which hormone acts on the Sertoli cells of the seminiferous tubules and is required for proper spermatogenesis?
|
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
|
|
True or False: Testosterone depresses hypothalamic release of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH).
|
True
|
|
What are some causes of hypogonadism?
|
lack of functional testis
lack of LH or FSH secretion cryptorchidism (undescended testes) castration |
|
What is the effect of hypogonadism on growth and muscle?
|
increase in height and weaker muscles
|
|
True or False: Hypogonadism developing after puberty will cause the accessory sex glands to decrease in size.
|
True
|
|
What is secreted by the outer cortex of the adrenal gland?
|
cortisol
aldosterone weak androgens |
|
What is secreted by the inner medulla of the adrenal gland?
|
epinephrine
norepinephrine dopamine |
|
What part of the adrenal gland produces steroids?
|
outer cortex
|
|
Which part of the adrenal gland produces catecholamines?
|
inner medulla
|
|
What are the three zones of the adrenal cortex (from outer to inner) and what is secreted from each zone?
|
zona glomerulosa - aldosterone
zona fasciculata - cortisol zona reticularis - cortisol |
|
What is the most important mineralocorticoid?
|
aldosterone
|
|
Where do mineralocorticoids promote sodium reabsorption?
|
kidney (distal & collecting tubules, part of loop of Henle)
sweat glands salivary glands intestinal glands |
|
Do mineralocorticoids decrease or increase Cl reabsorption?
|
increase
|
|
Do mineralocorticoids decrease or increase H excretion?
|
increase
|
|
Do mineralocorticoids decrease or increase K excretion?
|
increase
|
|
True or False: Hypoaldosteronism can result in death if untreated.
|
True
|
|
What is the effect of hypoaldosteronism?
|
decreased cardiac output and shock-like state
|
|
True or False: In hypoaldosteronism, Na reabsorption decreases in the kidney and there is a decrease in extracellular fluid volume.
|
True
|
|
What is the effect of hyperaldosteronism?
|
increased cardiac output and hypertension
|
|
What system controls aldosterone secretion?
|
renin-angiotensin system
|
|
True or False: A decrease in K concentration leads to an increase in aldosterone secretion.
|
False
|
|
True or False: An increase in K concentration leads to an increase in aldosterone secretion.
|
True
|
|
True or False: A decrease in Na concentration leads to an increase in aldosterone secretion.
|
True
|
|
True or False: An increase in Na concentration leads to an increase in aldosterone secretion.
|
False
|
|
What is the function of renin?
|
cleaves angiotensinpgen to produce angiotensin I
|
|
Where in the body does angiotensin-converting enzyme act to convert angiotensin I to angiotensin II?
|
lungs
|
|
What does angiotensin II cause?
|
release of aldosterone
|
|
What are ACE inhibitors used as a treatment for?
|
heart failure
|
|
What results from an absence of cortisol?
|
impaired metabolic function
impaired ability to withstand physical stress |
|
True or False: Glucocorticoids cause an increase in the rate of gluconeogenesis in the liver.
|
True
|
|
Do glucocorticoids cause a decrease or increase in blood glucose levels?
|
increase
|
|
Do glucocorticoids cause a decrease or increase in protein catabolism in most tissues?
|
increase
|
|
True or False: Glucocorticoids cause an increase in protein catabolism in the liver.
|
False
|
|
Do glucocorticoids cause a decrease or increase in fatty acid mobilization?
|
increase
|
|
True or False: Glucocorticoids have a stimulatory effect on inflammatory and allergic reactions.
|
False
|
|
Do glucocorticoids inhibit or stimulate secretion of corticotopin releasing hormone (CRH) and adenocorticotopin (ACTH)?
|
inhibit
|
|
What is the main form of glucocorticoids in the blood?
|
noncovalently bound to corticoid binding globulin (CBG)
|
|
Does stress inhibit or stimulate the release of glucocorticoids?
|
stimulate
|
|
When in the day are glucocorticoid plasma levels the highest?
|
shortly before waking up
|
|
When in the day are glucocorticoid plasma levels the lowest?
|
start of the sleep cycle
|
|
Is Addisons Disease a condition of hyperadrenalism or hypoadrenalism?
|
hypoadrenalism
|
|
Is Cushings Disease a condition of hyperadrenalism or hypoadrenalism?
|
hyperadrenalism
|
|
What are the effects of the loss of glucocorticoids?
|
loss of ability to regulate blood glucose levels
ACTH levels rise due to loss of feedback control skin darkening |
|
What are the effects of having excess glucocorticoids?
|
elevated blood glucose (can lead to diabetes mellitus)
bone & muscle weakness due to extrahapatic breakdown of protein |
|
True or False: Cushings Disease can cause masculinization in females.
|
True
|
|
What kind of cells make up the adrenal medulla?
|
modified ganglion cells
|
|
Which hormones are catecholamines?
|
epinephrine
norepinephrine |
|
Is the secretion of catecholamines from the adrenal medulla controlled by the parasympathetic or sympathetic nervous system?
|
sympathetic
|
|
Describe the flow of catecholamine formation.
|
tyrosine --> 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine --> dopamine -->
norepinephrine --> epinephrine |
|
Does norepinephrine act preferentially through α receptors or β receptors?
|
α receptors
|
|
Does epinephrine act preferentially through α receptors or β receptors?
|
β receptors
|
|
What are some things increased by cathecholamines?
|
liver glycogenolysis
blood glucose blood lactate plasma potassium plasma free fatty acids ability to handle emergency situations |
|
Which hormone is formed by hydroxylation of vitamin D3?
|
1,25-dihydrocholecalciferol
|
|
What is the normal plasma calcium level?
|
9-11 mg%
|
|
What are the three forms of plasma calcium?
|
ionized (50%)
bound to serum proteins (40%) unionized (10%) |
|
What is the effect of low plasma calcium?
|
increased permeability of neuronal membrane causing tetany
|
|
What is the effect of high plasma calcium?
|
sluggish reflex activity of central nervous system
|
|
What is the annual turnover of bone calcium in adults?
|
18%
|
|
What is the annual turnover of bone calcium in infants?
|
100%
|
|
What is the function of calcium salts in bone?
|
compressional strength
|
|
What is the function of the organic matrix in bone?
|
tensile strength
|
|
Is there more organic matrix or salts in bone?
|
salts (75%)
|
|
What is the primary component of the organic matrix in bone?
|
collagen (97%)
|
|
What is the function of calcium salts in bone?
|
compressional strength
|
|
What is the function of the organic matrix in bone?
|
tensile strength
|
|
Is there more organic matrix or salts in bone?
|
salts (75%)
|
|
What is the primary component of the organic matrix in bone?
|
collagen (97%)
|