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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is the second most important control system that regulates the body's functions?
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Endocrine System
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What are the main regulatory effects of the endocrine system?
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Rate of chemical reactions
Transport of substances through the membrane Cellular growth and secretion |
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Which two glands secrete their hormones entirely in response to Neural stimuli?
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Adrenal Medulla
Pituitary Gland |
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What are the (3) local hormones listed?
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Acetylcholine (Ach)
Secretin Cholecystokinin (CCK) |
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Identify the hormone: Released in the small intestine and transported to the gallbladder to cause it's contraction, and to the pancreas in order for it to secrete digestive enzymes.
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Cholecystokinin (CCK)
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Identify the hormone: Released by the duodenal wall and transported in the blood to the pancreas.
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Secretin
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Give two examples of general hormones
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Thyroid hormone
Growth hormone |
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True or False: General hormones encompass all the hormones that affect almost all cells of the body and also those affecting only specific tissues called "target tissues".
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True
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What gland is defined as nervous tissue and an extension of the CNS, maintaining constant communication through neuronal axons?
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Neurohypophysis
(Posterior Pituitary) |
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What produces the releasing hormones ?
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Hypothalamus
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What organ does ACTH stimulate, and what is produced?
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ACTH stimulates the Adrenal cortex to produce Cortisol and Aldosterone
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What consists the Gonadotropic hormones?
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LH and FSH
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What is the corresponding releasing hormone for ACTH?
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Corticotropin Releasing Hormone (CRH)
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1. Identify the hormone: Acts on Ovarian follicles and testicular spermatogenesis cells.
2. Identify the hormone: Acts on Ovarian follicles and testicular Leydig cells. |
1. FSH
2. LH |
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What are the releasing hormones for Growth Hormone?
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GHIH
GHRH |
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What is the releasing hormone for both FSH and LH?
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GnRH
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What is special about the origins of the Pituitary gland?
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The anterior and posterior portions originate from different embryological sources
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Which kinds of signals does the Hypothalamus receive signals from?
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Neural Signals: Fear, Pain, Small, Depression.
Humoral Signals: Electrolytes, H2O, Hormones |
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What are the two major functions of Somatotropin (GH)?
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Causes growth of almost all tissues of the body that are capable of growing.
Increases the utilization of fat to obtain energy. |
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How is the rate of GH secretion controlled?
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By levels of Protein and Glucose (usually low levels)
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What is the most potent stimulator of GH secretion in acute vs. chronic conditions?
What other conditions may elicit an increased GH secretion? |
Acute: Hypoglycemia
Chronic: Low protein in cells Other conditions: Starvation, exercise, excitement, trauma. |
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Will Prolactin enhance the production of milk by the mammary glands?
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No.
It will stimulate the SECRETION of milk. |
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Which hormone will act on the proliferation, growth, and maturation of melanocytes in the skin?
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Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH) secreted by the Anterior Pituitary.
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What two hormones are produced and secreted by the Posterior Hypophysis (neurohypophysis)?
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ADH (vasopressin)
Oxytocin |
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What is the major difference between the Adrenal medulla and cortex?
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Adrenal Medulla receives direct neural stimuli and secreted adrenergic neurotransmitters - the Catecholamines (Epinephrine and Norepinephrine/ Adrenaline and Noradrenaline)
Adrenal Cortex is stimulated by ACTH and secretes Corticoids: the Mineralcorticoid = Aldosterone, and the Glucocorticoid = Cortisol. |
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What are all the functions of the Adrenal Cortex?
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Balance of fluids and electrolytes (Na+ and H2O)
Metabolism of Carbohydrates Immune and Inflammatory processes Androgens |
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Which two hormones are secreted by the Thyroid Gland?
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Thyroid Hormone (Thyroxine)
Calcitonin |
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What is the function of Thyroxine (TH)?
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Acts on most tissues and cells of the body to increase the metabolism of fat, protein, and carbs.
----> in turn, increases heat production and body temperature. (BECAUSE THE MAIN BYPRODUCT OF METABOLISM IS HEAT PRODUCTION - from Temp. Reg. Chapter) |
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Which two hormones are required for normal growth and development?
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Thyroid Hormone
Growth Hormone |
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Which hormone regulates the metabolism of Ca2+ by its serum concentration, and by what mechanism does this occur?
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Calcitonin
By inhibition of osteoclasts = decreasing calcium loss from bones, and decreasing calcium absorption from the GI tract. |
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Which hormones are PRODUCED by the Ovaries and by the Testes?
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Ovaries: Estrogen and Progesterone
Testes: Testosterone |
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Which hormones are secreted by the Placenta to maintain pregnancy?
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Estrogen and Progesterone
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Which hormone is specifically secreted during the early stages of pregnancy?
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HCG- Human Chorionic Gonadotropin
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What is the function of HCG?
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Stimulate secretion of Estrogen and Progesterone from the Ovaries.
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Which hormone does Insulin inhibit?
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Glucagon
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Which hormone plays a major role in storing glycogen in the Liver and Skeletal Muscle?
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Insulin
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How does Insulin play a role in Protein metabolism?
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Promotes the uptake of Amino Acids, their conversion to Protein, and inhibits the conversion of Protein to Amino Acids.
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What happens to the majority of cellular membranes upon Insulin binding to the receptors?
Which areas of the body is this typical of, and where does it never happen? |
They become highly permeable to glucose.
Typical of cells in the Muscle and Adipose, but NEVER for neurons in the Brain. |
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During exercise, does the muscle cell utilize insulin?
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No, during exercise the muscle cell membranes are naturally highly permeable to glucose, even in the absence of Insulin.
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When does the muscle use high amounts of glucose?
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1. During exercise (insulin independent)
2. After a meal (insulin dependent) |
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What is the most important function of Insulin?
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Absorption of Glucose by the Liver ---> stored as Glycogen.
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How does Insulin affect Gluconeogenesis?
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Inhibiting
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How does Insulin affect the utilization of Fat for energy?
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It inhibits it, to preserve fat deposits.
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What happens if insulin levels are low?
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1. Triglycerides ----> Fatty acids and Glycerol in the blood.
2. Liver ----> Phospholipids and Cholesterol 3. Ketoacidosis |
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Which metabolic processes are stimulated when Glucagon levels rise?
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Gluconeogenesis
Glycogenolysis Beta Oxidation by activating Adipose Cell Lipase |
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What is inhibited by Glucagon?
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Triglyceride storage in the Liver.
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What hormone is responsible for the metabolism of Ca2+?
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Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
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THE TROPIN HORMONES
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• ACTH (ADRENOCORTICOTROPIN HORMONE) - ACTS ONSUPRARRENAL OR ADRENAL GLANDS.
• TSH (THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE) • FSH (FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE) - ACTS ON OVARIAN FOLLICLES AND TESTICULAR SPERMATOGENESIS CELLS. • LH (LUTEINIZING HORMONE) - ACTS ON OVARIAN FOLLICLES AND TESTICULAR CELLS OF LEYDIG (ICSH). |
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THE RELEASING HORMONES
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• TRH (THYROTROPIN RELEASING HORMONE)
• CRH (CORTICOTROPIN RELEASING HORM.) • GHRH (GROWTH HORMONE RELEASING HORM.) • GnRH (GONADOTROPIN RELEASING HORM.) • GHIH (GROWTH HORMONE INHIBITING HORMONE) • PIH (PROLACTIN INHIBITORY HORMONE) |