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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
what causes the formation of an active zone?
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rushing calcium ions
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definition. activated by neurotransmitters or other chemical messengers released by nearby neurons glia or the axon termainl itself
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autoreceptors
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definition provides feedback mechanisms to regulate neurotrans output mostly negative feedback by neurotrans to decrease their own rlease
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autreceptors
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what turns off the release of neurotrans
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negative feedback
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what are the possible drug effects on synaptic effectiventess
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LESBNRRS
Leakage or neurotrans exposing to breakdown Enzymes blocked that metabolize transmitter Second messenger stimulation or inhibition Bind to postsynaptic receptor to block or mimic Neurotrans release increase Release of neurotrans blocked Reuptake of neurotrans blocked Synthesis of neurotrans inhibited |
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what can drugs tell us
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how neurotrans are handled
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what are the five types of neurotrans
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BANAM
Biogenic amines Acetylcholine Neuropeptides Amino acides Miscellaneous |
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may neuromods be co released with neurotrans?
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YES they may be co released
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neuromod or neurotrans...hormones paracrine agents and chemical messengers
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neuromods
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neuromod or neurotrans...their receptors influnce channels that directly affect excitation or inhibition of the postynaptic cell
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neurotrans
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neuromod or neurotrans... which is faster and why
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neurotrans because it is a direct affect
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neuromod or neurotrans...often funciton to modify the post synaptic cell's response to neurotrans positively or negatively
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neuromod
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neuromod or neurotrans...their receptors most often influence synaptic activity via G coupled to second messenger systems
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neuromod
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neuromod or neurotrans...associated with neurological processes requiring rapid communication
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neurotrans
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neuromod or neurotrans...associated with slower neurological events such as learning and development
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neuromod
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can neurotrans be neuromods?
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YES
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what is the most prevelant type of receptor in the nervous system
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g protein coupled receptors
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in terms of terminology what is the missing prefix to all of the ergic neurons
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the neurotrans to be released
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what is the major neurotrans in the PNS at the neuromuscular junction
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ACh
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what is the ergic term that goes with ACh
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cholinergic which refers to the type of neuron
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synaptic levels of ACh are regulated by _______
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acetylcholinesterase
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what two types of receptors bind ACh
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nicotinicand muscarinic receptors
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definition. neuromuscular junctions ad in the brain
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nicotinic receptors
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defintiion. brain junctions of neurons with glands and organs for example the heart
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muscarinic receptors
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what are the three types of catecholamines
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dopamine norepinephrine and epinephrin
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where do Da NE and Epi derived from
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the aa tyrosine
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dopamine =
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adrenyline
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are catecholamines important to CNS and PNS function
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yes
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upon release, synatpic levels of catacholamines are regulated by ______ _____ and by _____ by enzymes such as MAO
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presynaptic reuptake and degradation
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what plays an essential role in states of consciousness mood motivation directed attention movement bp and hormone release
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catecholamines
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what neurons release dopamine
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dopaminergic
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what neurons release epi and NE
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adrenergic and noradrenergic
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what are the two major classes of epi and NE receptors
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alpha adrenergic receptors an dbeta adrenergic receptors
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5HT =
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seratonin
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what is the precursor to seratonin
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tryptophan
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is seratonin a neuromod or neurotrans
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neuromod because of its slow effects
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this neurotrans is very abundant in the entire CNS as well as in blood immune system and the GI tract
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5HT
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seratonin generlaly has an excitatory or inhibitory effect on pathways involved i muscle control
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excitatory
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seratonin generally has an excitatory or inhibitory effect on pathways that mediate sensations
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inhibitory
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this neurotrans plays a role in regulation of motor activity sleep food intake reproductive behavior and emotional states such as modd and anxiety
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seratonin
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what neurotrans is targeted by anti depressants
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seratonin
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in general what are the most prevalent neurotrans in the CNS
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amino acid neurotrans and they are both excitatory and inhibitory
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what are two important excitatory amino acids
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glutamate and asparatate
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definition. the most common neurotrans at excitatory synapses in the CNS
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glutamate
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this is the most common neurotrans at excitatory synapses in the CNS
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glutamate
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does gluatmate have more ionotropic or metabotropic receptors
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ionotropic
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what are the two kinds of receptors that glutamate uses
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AMPA and NMDA receptors
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cooperative activits of AMPA and NMDA receptors play a role in ___ ____ _______
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LTP long term potentiation
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definition. a mechannism that couples frequendct activity across a synapse with long lasting changes in the strength of signaling across the synapse
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long term potentiation
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true or false. long term potentiaion is thought oto be process underlying learning and memory
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true
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definition. when glutamate containing neurons rupture they release a flood of glutamate that overstimulates AMPA and NMDA receptors on nearby neurons...what in general is occuring
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excitotoxicity lor calcium toxicity
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what does calcium toxicity lead to
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hyperexcited cell and cell dies releasing its glutamate
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what do AMPA and NMDA regulate
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calcium
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this is the major inhibitory neurotrans in the brain
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GABA
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binding of GABA to an ionotropic receptor increases ___ flux causing ______ of the postsynaptic membrane
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Cl- and hyperpolarization this prevents action potentials and dinhibits
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what kind of drugs work through GABA receptors
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benzodizepine anti anxiety and anti seizure
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this is the major neurotrans released from inhibitory interneurons in the psinal cord and brainstem
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glycine
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are glycine and GABA different or similar?
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similar
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what neurons are essential to regulating spinal cord intergrating centers that regulate skeletal muscle contraction
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glycinergic
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what are two examples of neuropeptides
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opiods and substance P
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this neuropeptide plays a role in regulating pain and eating drinking behavior regulation of the cardivascular system and in mood and emotion
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opiods
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this neuropeptide released by afferent neurons relays sensory infromation into the CNS involved in pain sensation
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substance P
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