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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Endocrine Glands (3)
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Derived from epithelial tissue
Primary endocrine organs Secondary (accessory) endocrine organs |
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Primary Endocrine Organs (7)
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Hypothalamus and pituitary gland
Pineal gland Thyroid gland and parathyroid glands Thymus Adrenal glands Pancreas Gonads (testes, ovaries) |
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Antidiuretic hormone (ADH or vasopressin) (3)
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Hormones of Posterior Pituitary.
-Paraventricular nucleus -Water balance and osmolarity - kidney -Prevents water from leaving body |
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Oxytocin (2)
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Hormones of Posterior Pituitary:
-Supraoptic nucleus -Milk ejection – mammary glands |
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Hypothalamic-Pituitary Portal System
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Exchange between blood and tissue via capillaries
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Tropic Hormones (3)
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-Affect release of another hormone
=-Releasing hormones =Inhibiting hormones -Called Trophic (feeding) because they affect the size of the target organ. |
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Tropic Hormone Pathway (3)
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-Hypothalamus secretes releasing or inhibiting hormone into capillary
-Alter release of anterior pituitary tropic hormones -Travel to through blood and find attachments at endocrine gland to trigger release of hormone |
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Growth hormone (GH)
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Anterior Pituitary
Growth hormone (GH) promotes growth, protein synthesis. |
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Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
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Anterior Pituitary:
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) stimulates thyroid to produce & secrete T4 & T3 |
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Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
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Anterior Pituitary
Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids (cortisol), aldosterone |
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Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
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Anterior Pituitary
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) stimulates growth of ovarian follicles & sperm production |
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Luteinizing hormone (LH)
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Anterior Pituitary
Luteinizing hormone (LH) causes ovulation & secretion of testosterone in testes |
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Prolactin (PRL)
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Anterior Pituitary
Prolactin (PRL) stimulates milk production by mammary glands |
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Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH)
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Anterior Pituitary
Causes melanocytes to secrete melanin |
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Pineal Gland (4)
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-Glandular tissue in brain
-Secretes melatonin =Function ? =May be involved in circadian rhythms |
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Two thyroid hormones (3)
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Hormones of the Thyroid Gland
T4, tetraiodothyronine T3, triiodothyronine Regulate metabolism |
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Calcitonin (3)
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Hormones of the Thyroid Gland
Regulates calcium levels in blood More Calcitonin = less Ca+2 in blood Osteoblasts absorb Ca+2 from blood |
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Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) AKA Parathormone (3)
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Regulates calcium levels in blood
More PTH = more Ca in blood Ca+2 removed from bone Antogonist to Calcitonin |
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Thymus (5)
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-Secretes thymosin
=Regulates T cell function =This is why they are called T cells +What are T cell? +T cells belong to a group of white blood cells known as lymphocytes, and play a central role in cell-mediated immunity |
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Adrenocorticoids (7)
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Hormones: Adrenal Cortex
-Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone) =Targets kideny =Regulates sodium and potassium levels =Sodium moved back to blood – water follows -Glucocorticoids (cortisol) =Regulates body’s response to stress =Regulates metabolism |
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Adrenal Medulla (6)
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-80% epinephrine
-20% norepinephrine -Activated during "fight or flight" response =Increased respiratory rate =Increased HR & cardiac output =Metabolic rate increase |
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Synergistic
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Synergistic - work together to produce an effect
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Pancreas - Islets of Langerhans (3)
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Alpha cells: glucagon
Beta cells: insulin Delta cells: somatostatin |
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Insulin (3)
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Promotes entry of glucose into cells
Conversion of glucose into glycogen & fat Decreases blood glucose |
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Glucagon (2)
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Stimulates glycogenolysis & lipolysis
Increases blood glucose |
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Somatostatin
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Inhibits Somatotropin (GH)
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Gonads (7)
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-Male—testes
=Testosterone -Female—ovaries =Estradiol =Progesterone =Placenta of pregnant female +Estrogens and progesterone |
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II. Secondary Endocrine Organs Heart, Kidneys, Stomach, GI tract (11)
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Heart: atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
Target: Kidney Nephron Action: Na+ and H20 loss Kidneys: erythropoietin Target: Bone marrow Action: RBC production Stomach Gastrin Target: Stomach Action: Acid secretion GI tract: several more in Dig Syst. |
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Transport of Hormones (10)
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-Hydrophilic hormones
=Peptides, catecholamines =Dissolved in plasma -Hydrophobic hormones =Steroids, thyroid hormones =Bound to carrier proteins =Longer half-life |
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Abnormal Secretion of Hormones (7)
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-Hormone levels must be kept in balance
-Pathologies =Hyposecretion: too little =Hypersecretion: too much =Abnormal Tissue Responsiveness +Normal hormone levels +Tissue responds inappropriately |
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Hormone Interactions: Synergism
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Synergism: Effects of two hormones favor each other but the net effect exceeds the sum of individual effects
Example:, Norepinephrine and epinephrine (and Cortisol) |
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Permissiveness
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-One hormone needed for another to exert its effects
-Examples: =Estrogen causes expression of progesterone receptors in uterus =How about: Prolactin and Oxytocin? |
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Sex Hormones:
A. Pituitary Gland (5) |
-Male
=FSH Testes - Sperm production =LH Testes/interstitial cells - Testosterone release =Targets: body cells =Action: 2nd Sex Char. |
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Diabetes (7)
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-Diabetes Mellitus
=Type 1, insulin-dependent +Inadequate insulin production +Insulin administration needed =Type 2, non-insulin-dependent (adult onset) +Those affected typically obese +Cells do not respond to insulin normally |
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Diabetes Insipidus
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Low ADH production
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Growth Hormone (3 types)
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-Underproduction - Dwarfism
-Overproduction throughout life – Gigatism -Overproduction late in life - Acromegaly |
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Glucocorticoids – ACTH (9)
Oversecretion – Cushing’s Undersecretion – Addison’s |
-Oversecretion – Cushing’s
=Glucose metabolism suppressed =Lipids/amino acids - as energy source =Elongated stress response -Undersecretion – Addison’s =Weakness =Weight loss =ACTH levels may be high enough but action (Glucocorticoid secretion) may not take place =MSH production increases |
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Thyroid Hormone (T3/T4) (10)
-Overproduction – Hyperthyroidism -Underproduction – hypothyroidism -Underproduction in infancy – Cretinism |
-Overproduction – Hyperthyroidism
=High metabolic rate/temp =Can have enlarged thyroid (Goiter) =Grave’s Disease (genetic) -Underproduction – hypothyroidism =Low metabolic rate/temp =Enlarged thyroid usually found here (Goiter) +May be due to iodine deficiency -Underproduction in infancy – Cretinism =Abnormal mental and physical development |