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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
How is sleep measured?
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EEG, heart rate, respiration rate, body temp, eye movement
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What are the results of sleep deprivation in humans?
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- not really a detriment to behavior
- can still complete basic tasks - harder to do complicated tasks - increased irritability |
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What are the results of sleep deprivation in animals/rats?
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- weak & uncoordinated
- can't regulate body temperature - increased metabolism - stopped grooming - "sick" |
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Recovery from sleep deprivation in humans:
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- 1st night: 14 hours
- 2nd night: 3 extra hours - 3rd night: back to regular schedule |
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________ waves have regular and low frequencies with high voltage.
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Alpha
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_______________ occur when you are alert, aroused, and concentrating.
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Beta waves
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Alpha waves use neural _______ and beta waves use neural __________.
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synchrony---desynchrony
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When do alpha waves occur?
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When you are relaxed
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What are the characteristics of beta waves?
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irregular, high frequency & low voltage
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How many stages of sleep are there an how long do they each last?
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4 stages, 10-15 mins each
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What kind of waves occur during the first stage of sleep?
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Theta waves mixed with beta waves
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What stage of sleep is occurring when only theta waves are present?
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Stage 2
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What is the purpose of a sleep spindle?
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to block out general sensory information so that you can stay asleep
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What is the purpose of a k complex?
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triggered by a noise to block out auditory stimuli in order to stay asleep
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What stage(s) do sleep spindles & k-complexes occur?
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both begin in stage 2, sleep spindles continue into stages 3 & 4
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Delta waves begin to appear at what stage of sleep?
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Stage 3
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Based on brain waves, when can you determine that stage 4 sleep has started?
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Delta waves make up more than 50% of the brain activity
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How long is the average sleep cycle? What order do the stages go in?
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Typically 90 minutes, ALWAYS 1-4! If you wake up, then you will start back at stage 1 regardless of the stage you were in before being woken up.
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When does REM occur?
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In stage 1 sleep, AFTER the first sleep cycle has been completed
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What brain waves occur during REM?
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Alpha
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How can you wake someone up during REM?
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use a meaningful stimuli (i.e. say their name)
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How many REM cycles are there per night?
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4-6
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Why is REM called paradoxical sleep?
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the brain waves make it look like you're awake; but you're not
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Do infants or adults get more REM?
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Infants
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What is REM rebound?
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making up for missed REM cycles the following night
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How does missing REM effect your behavior?
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personality changes, poor memory, increased anxiousness
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Do dreams occur in "real-time"?
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Yes
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Do dreams incorporate external stimuli?
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Yes
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Why do we not remember our dreams?
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The frontal lobe is not active while we are sleeping
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What are the two models of dreams?
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Activation Synthesis & Clinical-Atomical
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Where does the Activation Synthesis model begin?
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Pons
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What waves are active during dreams according to the Activation Synthesis model?
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Pons Geniculate Occipital waves (PGO)
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Where is the Pons located?
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Thalamus
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According to the Activation Synthesis model, where are dreams being generated?
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PGO waves trigger random images which creates sensory stimuli from within that the cortex uses to construct a dream
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What is the biggest difference between the Activation Synthesis model and the Clinical-Atomical model?
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The Clinical-Atomical model holds that waves can be formed in areas of the brain other than the Pons
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What do both models have in common?
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dreams have no meaning as you are likely to just dream about random things that are on your mind
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People with insomnia tend to think that they sleep _______ than they actually do.
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Less
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What are the three kinds of insomnia?
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Onset
Termination Maintenance |
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Onset Insomnia
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difficulty falling asleep
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Termination Insomnia
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waking up earlier and not being able to fall back asleep
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Maintenance Insomnia
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waking up multiple times throughout the night
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What is the cause of insomnia?
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typically the symptom of another psychological problem
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Why are pills a bad form of treatment for insomnia
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a tolerance is built for the pills which also reduce time spent in stage 3&4 sleep which increases fatigue
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What is the behavioral treatment for insomnia?
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not to do anything but sleep in bed so the the bed becomes a stimulus for sleep
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What is parainsomnia?
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the person believes that they were awake for the night because they dreamed that they were.... in reality, they slept; unfortunately, they do not feel rested
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What is sleep apnea?
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breathing stops for brief periods of time throughout the night. these periods are long enough to wake the person up and interupt stage 3&4 sleep
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What are possible causes for sleep apnea?
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physiological causes (i.e. obstruction to the airways)
- being male increases risk - being overweight increases risk |
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What are common treatments for sleep apnea?
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sitting up in bed or using a breathing machine at night
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What are the 5 symptoms of narcolepsy that were discussed in class?
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Excessive Daytime Sleepiness(EDS), Sleep Attack, Cataplexy, Sleep Paralysis, Hyponagogic hallucinations
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_________ occurs when someone falls into REM sleep while doing something else.
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Sleep Attack
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Paralysis from ___________ occurs when an individual is fully conscious while ____________ occurs immediately before or after sleep.
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Cataplexy---- Sleep Paralysis
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What is a Hyponagogic Hallucination?
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an individual is fully conscious but enters into REM sleep. They become paralyzed and see their dreams while continuing to be aware of their surroundings.
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Is narcolepsy primarily attributed to the environment or genetics based on concordance rates?
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More to the environment since concordance is only 20%
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What is the genetic component of narcolepsy?
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there is a specific gene
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Why is narcolepsy difficult to treat?
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there are multiple neurotransmitters that are effected
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What is the typical treatment for narcolepsy?
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stimulant medication
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REM Behavior D/O
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there is no atonia and the individual will act out their dreams
common in individuals with Parkinsons Something is wrong with the Pons |
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Atonia
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lack of muscle activity or paralysis
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What are the three types of Slow Wave Sleep d/os
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Night Terrors
Sleep Walking Sleep Talking |
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Why do slow wave sleep d/os involve movement?
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there is no Atonia during slow wave sleep
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Why is it difficult to wake someone up who is experiencing a slow wave sleep d/o?
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they are in the deepest stages of sleep
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Where are biological clocks "located"?
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Hypothalamus
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_________ generates neurorhythms.
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Supachaismatic Nucleus (SCN)
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What are neurorhytms?
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action potentials that are being sent at a constant rate
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What resets circadian rhythms?
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Zeitberger/light through the retino-hypothalamic SCN pathway
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Retnio Hypothalamic SCN Pathway
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SCN stimulates Thalamus>>>Endocrine System>>> Pineal Gland>>> Melatonin>>>Sleep
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What system helps to end the sleep cycle?
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Ascending Reticular ACtivating System (ARAS) in the reticular formation
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What system helps to induce sleep?
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Raphe System of neurons in the Pons and Medulla
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