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130 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The ability of some women to detect slightly finer discriminations of color than other women is most likely due to having:
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two types of wavelength cones
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In comparison to the rods, cones are more:
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sensitive to detail
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The most common form of color vision deficiency is due to:
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long and medium wavelength cones making the same photopigments
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All of the following are reasons why the fovea is well-suited for highly detailed vision EXCEPT:
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the optic nerve connects there
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According to the retinex theory, we perceive color by:
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contrasting the activity in one area of the visual field with that of others
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According to the trichromatic theory of color vision, the most important factor in determining the color we see is the:
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relative activity of short, medium and long wave lengths
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Light from above our head strikes the:
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bottom half of the retina
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Light from the right half of the world strikes what part of the retina?
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the left half
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Which of the following characterizes the fovea?
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it has the greatest perception of detail
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Light is focused as it enters through which of the following structures?
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lens and the cornea
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Various types of ____ cells refine the input to ganglion cells, enabling them to respond specifically to shapes, movement, or other visual features.
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amacrine cells
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Why does the periphery of the retina detect faint lights better than the fovea does?
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more receptors converge their input onto each bipolar cell
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The name of the point at which the optic nerve leaves the retina is called the:
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blind spot
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Color constancy is the ability to:
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recognize color despite changes in lighting
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The blind spot in each eye is blind because:
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there are no receptors there
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Light energy converts 11-cis-retinal to:
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all-trans-retinal
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Rods are to ____ as cones are to ____.
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periphery; the fovea
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In comparison to cones, rods:
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are more sensitive to dim light
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Color and brightness constancy are best explained by the ____ theory of color vision.
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retinex
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Because blood vessels and ganglion cell axons are almost absent near the ____, it has nearly unimpeded vision.
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fovea
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What are the two kinds of receptors in the retina?
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rods and cones
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According to the trichromatic theory of color vision:
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our perception of color depends on the relative activity of the three types of cones
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____ are chemicals that release energy when struck by light.
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photopigments
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the optic nerve is composed of axons from which kind of cell?
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ganglion
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What is perceived when all types of cones are simultaneously and equally active?
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white
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The bipolar cells send their messages to ____, located closer to the center of the eye.
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ganglion
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Based on the relative distribution of the three kinds of cones in the retina, which color of road sign would be most difficult to see from a distance?
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blue
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Which receptors are responsible for the perception of color?
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cones
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Why are men more likely to experience color vision deficiency than women?
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it is a sex-linked genetic disorder
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In what order does visual information (not light) pass through the retina?
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receptor cells, bipolar cells, ganglion cells
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Night-active species are more likely than day-active species to have:
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a greater rod to cone ratio
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At the level of rods and cones the ____ theory seems to fit best, while at the level of the bipolar cells the ____ theory seems to fit best.
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trichromatic; opponent process
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If you wanted to see a faint star at night, you should:
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look slightly to one side
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Which of the following is TRUE related to peripheral vision?
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it is easier to recognize single objects in the periphery that are not surrounded by other objects
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If you want to see something in fine detail, you should focus the light on which part of your retina?
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the fovea
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According to the law of specific nerve energies, the brain tells the difference between one sensory modality and another by:
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which neurons are more active
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Ganglion cells near the fovea in humans and other primates are called ____ ganglion cells.
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midget
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After you stare at a bright green object for a minute and look away, you see red. Which theory attempts to explain this finding?
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opponent process theory
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In the human retina, messages go from receptors at the back of the eye to ____.
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bipolar cells
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Light enters the eye through an opening in the center of the iris called the:
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pupil
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Cells in the retina that provide connections among themselves, as well as with bipolar and ganglion cells are known as:
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amacrine cells
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____ modify the ____ sensitivity to different wavelengths of light.
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opsins, photopigments
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Difficulty distinguishing between ____ and ____ is the most common form of color vision deficiency.
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red;green
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What is the relationship of color blindness between males and females?
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males are more likely to be color blind
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When individuals with intact brains recognize faces, activity:
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increases in the fusiform gyrus
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Once within the cerebral cortex, the primarily magnocellular pathway divides, with a ventral branch carrying information related to
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movement
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A person with damage to V1, but not V5, would be able to perceive:
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motion but not shape or color
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Most visual researchers suggest that area V1 neurons respond most strongly to:
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spatial frequencies
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A man has suffered brain damage that has left him unable to recognize the faces of his wife and children, although he can identify them by their voices. What is his condition?
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prospagnosia
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What type of cell responds to a pattern of light in a particular orientation anywhere within its large receptive field, regardless of the exact location of the stimulus?
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complex
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In humans the optic nerves from the two eyes follow what pathway?
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half of the axons from each eye cross to the other side at the optic chiasm
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The visual paths in the temporal cortex collectively are referred to as the:
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ventral stream
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Most neurons in the inferior temporal cortex that respond to a particular shape will be LEAST likely to respond to a:
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figure-ground reversal
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Axons from the lateral geniculate extend to which area of the cerebral cortex?
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occipital lobe
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An individual suffers damage to the parietal cortex, but maintains an intact temporal cortex. This may result in an inability to:
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reach out and grasp an object
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Parvocellular neurons most likely receive input from:
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bipolar cells that receive input from cones
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____ cells axons makeup the optic nerve.
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ganglion
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To what does "shape constancy" refer?
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we can recognize objects even at different orientations
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An individual suffers damage to the temporal cortex, but maintains an intact parietal cortex. This may result in an inability to:
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describe the size or shape of the object they see
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Suppose someone has a genetic defect that prevents the formation of horizontal cells in the retina. Which visual phenomenon is most likely to be impaired?
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lateral inhibition
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The ability to detect movement better than color in our peripheral vision is largely due to:
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magnocellular neurons in the periphery
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Cutting the left optic nerve in front of the optic chiasm would result in blindness in ____.
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the left eye
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The ability that you have to determine that your eyes are moving, instead of the room that you are in, is a function of which brain area?
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area MST
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The primary visual cortex sends most of its information:
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to area V2
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Area ____ is particularly important for color constancy.
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V4
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A cell that responds best to a bar of light throughout a large area of its receptive field, without a strong inhibitory area at one end is most likely a:
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complex cell
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The enhancement of contrast at the edge of an object is the result of:
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lateral inhibition at the retina
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In the case of blindsight, losing conscious visual perception would most likely be associated with:
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loss of visual imagination
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What would an investigator find concerning the properties of cells in a single column of the visual cortex?
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they have receptive fields at the same angle of orientation
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What difficulty does someone with prosopagnosia have?
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recognizing faces
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Which of the following would be easiest for someone who is motion blind?
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dressing themselves
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Damage to the fusiform gyrus of the inferior temporal cortex results in:
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prosopagnosia.
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Which of the following has the largest receptive fields and the greatest preferential sensitivity to highly complex visual patterns, such as faces?
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inferior temporal cortex
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Cells in the ____ prevent us from confusing eye movements with object movements.
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ventral part of the MST
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In the visual system, the ____ and ____ constantly feed information back and forth.
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thalamus; cortex
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Cortical area ____ appears to be where conscious visual perception occurs.
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V1
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The pathway associated with integrating vision and movement progresses from the occipital cortex to the:
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parietal cortex
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The optic nerves from the right and left eye initially meet at the:
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optic chiasm
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If we compare the receptive fields of two simple cells in the primary visual cortex, chosen at random, in what way are they most likely to differ?
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orientation (angle) of the line they respond to
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How do the receptive fields of the inferior temporal cortex compare to those of the primary visual cortex?
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they are sensitive to larger more complicated patterns
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Within the cerebral cortex, the pathway in the visual system responsible for color information also seems to be responsible for what other information?
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brightness
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A ____ cell has a strong inhibitory area at one end of its bar-shaped receptive field.
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hypercomplex
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Damage to the magnocellular pathway would most likely lead to the loss of:
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motion perception
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An inability to recognize objects despite otherwise satisfactory vision is called:
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visual agnosia
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What is the shape of the receptive field to which a simple cell in the primary visual cortex responds?
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bar or edge in a perticular orientation
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Where does the optic nerve send most of its information?
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the lateral geniculate
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The lateral geniculate nucleus is part of the:
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thalamus
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Once within the cerebral cortex, the parvocellular pathway continues as a pathway sensitive to:
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details of shape
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Once information is sent to the secondary visual cortex it:
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may return to the primary visual cortex
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Branches of the optic nerve go directly to what areas of the brain?
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lateral geniculate and superior colliculus
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In the visual system of the mammalian cerebral cortex, the dorsal stream is specialized for detecting ____, and the ventral stream is specialized for detecting ____.
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location;shape
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What is one way to determine whether a given cell in the primary visual cortex is "simple" or "complex"?
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whether it can respond equally to bars and edges in more than one location
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Cells in the inferior temporal cortex respond vigorously to their preferred shape:
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regardless of its exact size or shape on the retina
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The primary visual cortex is also known as the:
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striate cortex
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Blindsight refers to:
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the ability to localize visual objects within an apparently blind visual field.
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The visual path in the parietal cortex is referred to as the:
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dorsal stream
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One might find cells that respond best to the movement of an object relative to its background in the:
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medial superior temporal cortex
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In the vertebrate retina, which cells are responsible for lateral inhibition?
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horizontal cells
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Neurons whose responses indicate a particular feature of a stimulus, such as the presence of a bar, line, or edge are referred to as:
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feature detectors
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Which of the following would most strongly excite a simple cell in the primary visual cortex?
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square picture frame
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Small receptive fields are to ____ cells as large receptive fields are to ____ cells.
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parvocellular; magnocellular
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Which ganglion cells, if any, are located mostly in or near the fovea?
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parvocellular
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Horizontal cells receive their input from ____; they send output to ____.
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rods and cones; bipolar cells
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When cells in the middle temporal cortex respond to visual stimuli, their response depends mostly on the:
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speed and direction of movement
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The receptive field of a visual receptor is the:
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point in space in which the light strikes the receptor
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Stimulating a receptor leads to either excitation or inhibition of a particular neuron; the receptor is part of that neuron's:
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receptive field
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Once within the cerebral cortex, the primarily magnocellular pathway divides, with a dorsal branch carrying information related to:
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integrating vision with action
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Cells in the inferior temporal cortex that are sensitive to a particular shape are also likely to respond to the shape’s:
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mirror reversal
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In addition to having difficulty recognizing faces, people with prosopagnosia may have difficulty:
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recognizing different kinds of plants and animals
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Magnocellular cells are to ____ as parvocellular cells are to ____.
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movement;color
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What would be the likely outcome of a person who was blind at birth, and had vision restored later in life by the removal of cataracts (clouded lenses)?
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trouble describing the shapes of objects
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If both eyes of a very young kitten are sutured shut for the first few weeks:
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the cortex remains responsive to both eyes
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Astigmatism refers to the:
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asymmetric curvature of the eye
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By comparing the slightly different inputs from the two eyes, you achieve:
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stereoscopic depth perception
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Stereoscopic depth perception requires the brain to detect:
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retinal disparity
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If a kitten is reared with one eye shut, cells in its visual cortex become sensitive to:
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only one eye that has been active
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In what way does infant vision differ from adult vision?
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Infants have trouble shifting their attention away from visual stimuli
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The most probable reason that both cats and humans have difficulty with recognition of objects if deprived of visual stimuli during the critical period is that:
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their cortical cells lack the sharply tuned receptive fields that make recognition possible.
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According to research on visual development in animals, probably the best way to treat amblyopia is to cover:
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the strong eye over a period of time early in life
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What is strabismus?
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a failure of the two eyes to focus on the same thing at the same time
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Kittens that are restricted to having only having one eye open at a time are similar to humans with strabismus in that:
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stereoscopic depth perception fails to develop
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If a kitten is reared in an environment consisting entirely of horizontal lines, the visual cortex becomes:
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sensitive to almost nothing except horizontal lines
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Cases like MM and PD, who have sight restored to them after many years, suggest that:
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early experiences can have lasting effects on the brain
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____ is necessary for the proper onset of the critical period for vision.
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GABA
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Which of the following items would most likely attract the attention of a newborn baby?
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human face
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Most of the neurons in the visual cortex of very young kittens respond to:
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both eyes and continue to that way
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The human condition that corresponds closest to what kittens experience when raised in an environment of only horizontal or vertical lines is:
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astigmatism.
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Cortical neurons in the visual cortex of a kitten or a cat will lose the ability to respond to stimuli in one eye if the eye is sutured shut for:
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the first month of life
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What would the effect be if an experimenter covered the eye of a kitten in an alternating pattern (left eye one day; right the next)?
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most cortical stimuli would respond to one eye or the other but not both
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Researchers produced a kitten that could see stationary objects, but was blind to moving stimuli, by:
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raising the kitten in an environment illuminated only by a strobe light.
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