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153 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What consists of the medulla, the pons, and the cerebellum?
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The hindbrain
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The choroid plexus:
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forms the cerebral spinal fluid
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What is unique about the autonomic activity of the sweat glands?
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they receive only sympathetic input
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In which area of the brain would one find the tectum, tegmentum, superior and inferior colliculi, and substantia nigra?
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midbrain
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Which plane shows brain structures as they would be seen from the side?
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sagittal
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One way that over-the-counter cold remedies work is by:
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increasing sympathetic activity
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Which of the following would be the most likely effect of taking a drug that blocks sympathetic nervous system activity?
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decreased heart rate
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Which neurotransmitter is most often used by postganglionic neurons in the sympathetic nervous system?
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norepinephrine
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Which plane shows brain structures as they would be seen from above?
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horizontal
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How many pairs of cranial nerves do humans have?
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12
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Although the pituitary is often called the master gland, its activity is regulated by the:
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hypothalamus
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The medulla is considered part of the brain rather than the spinal cord because it:
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is contained in the skull
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The term mesencephalon refers to the?
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midbrain
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Which part of the nervous system specifically prepares the body for "fight or flight" activities?
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sympathetic
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The term rhombencephalon refers to the:
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hindbrain
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Seeing a snake come out of the drain in the bathtub might increase your heart rate, dilate your pupils, cause you to sweat, and raise the hair on your neck. These responses are due to the activity of the ____ nervous system.
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sympathetic
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What are the two parts of the central nervous system?
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brain and spinal cord
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Each hemisphere of the cerebral cortex receives most of its input from the ____ side of the body and controls the muscles on the ____ side.
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contralateral, contraleteral
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The medulla controls a number of reflexes through:
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cranial nerves
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What, generally, is the relationship between the activity of the sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous systems?
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they usually have opposite effects on the same organs
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The pituitary gland synthesizes and releases hormones:
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into the blood stream
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The ascending portion of the reticular formation sends outputs to:
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much of the cerebral cortex
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According to the Bell-Magendie law:
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ventral roots carry motor information while dorsal roots carry sensory information
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Cell bodies of motor neurons would most likely be found in which of the following?
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gray matter
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Which of the following is gray matter?
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the cerebral cortex
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Sympathetic ganglia:
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are closely linked and often act a single system
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An individual has difficulty remembering certain things after brain damage, but all memories stored before the damage are intact. The brain area most likely damaged is the:
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hippocampus
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The diencephalon is composed of the:
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thalamus and hypothalamus
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The cell bodies of sensory neurons that are in clusters of neurons outside the spinal cord are called?
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dorsal root ganglia
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By both neural and hormonal pathways, the hypothalamus regulates activity of the:
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pituitary gland
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The somatic division of the nervous system carries signals from the ______ and is part of the ______.
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senses; parasympathetic nervous system
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One principle of the autonomic nervous system is the concept of ______.
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dual innervation
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What is the name given to a cluster of neurons outside the CNS?
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ganglion
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Sympathetic is to ____ as parasympathetic is to ____.
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arousal, relaxation
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Which of the following structures is part of the brain stem?
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pons
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Breathing, heart rate, vomiting, salivation, coughing, and sneezing are all controlled by which structure?
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medulla
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Meningitis is an inflammation of the:
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membranes surrounding the brain
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If the ipsilateral dorsal and ventral roots were cut, which of the following would be true?
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sensation and motor movement would be lost on one side
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What causes hydrocephalus?
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obstruction in the flow of cerebral spinal fluid
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After damage to the dorsal roots of the spinal cord, an individual will suffer what kind of loss?
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sensation from the affected body area
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The cerebellum contributes to the control of what function?
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movement
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Which plane shows brain structures as they would be seen from the front?
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coronal
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After damage to the ventral roots of the spinal cord, an individual will suffer what kind of loss?
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control of muscles in the affected body parts
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In anatomy, the opposite of medial is:
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lateral
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Which of the following brain areas is most likely affected in Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s, and other diseases that impair intellect and attention?
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nucleus basalis
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the sympathetic system.
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releases DA at the ganglion
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Reflexive changes in heart rate and breathing when you are exercising for example, are regulated by which of the following?
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medulla
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What structure is composed of the medulla, pons, the midbrain, and certain central structures of the forebrain?
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brain stem
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A function of the cerebrospinal fluid is to:
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cushion the brain
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Which of the following means "toward the side, away from the midline"?
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lateral
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Acetylcholine is the only neurotransmitter released by:
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the parasympathetic nervous systems postganglionic axons
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The basal ganglia are a related cluster of cell bodies in the central nervous system. Technically, the basal ganglia should have been named the basal:
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nuclei
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Axons of motor neurons would most likely be found in which of the following?
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white matter
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The nucleus basalis sends information to the:
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cerebral cortex
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Sensory information which is not processed by the thalamus includes:
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olfactory information
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Which neurotransmitter is used by the parasympathetic nervous system?
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acetylcholine
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What is the name given to a cluster of neurons inside the CNS?
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nucleus
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Which kinds of activities are produced from activation of the parasympathetic nervous system?
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calmness and relaxation
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Which division of the nervous system consists of neurons that control the heart, intestines, and other organs?
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autonomic
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A group of forebrain structures is important for motivated and emotional behavior. What is the name given to this group of structures?
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limbic system
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If a person has difficulty determining which of two rhythms is faster, it is likely that she suffered damage to the:
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cerebellum
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As axons from the spinal cord enter the skull, which structure do they enter?
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medulla
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Which structure is likely to be damaged in Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and other conditions that impair movement?
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basal ganglia
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Damage to which hindbrain structure would be most life-threatening?
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medulla
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The ascending portion of the reticular formation:
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increases arousal and attention
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Gray matter in the brain and spinal cord is mainly composed of what structures?
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cell bodies and dendrites
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Digestive activity is increased by the activation of which branch of the autonomic nervous system?
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parasympathetic
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The nuclei for most of the cranial nerves are located in the:
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pons and medulla
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Research indicates that the behavioral effects of the cerebellum may be due to its role in:
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focusing and shifting information and organizing sensory inputs
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Superior colliculus is to _____ as inferior colliculus is to _____.
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vision, hearing
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Together, the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system make up the ____ nervous system.
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peripheral
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The nucleus basalis is a key part of the brain's system for:
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attention
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What type of neurons in the substantia nigra deteriorate in Parkinson's disease?
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dopamine
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The ventricles, central canal, and subarachnoid space are all:
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filled with cerebrospinal fluid
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Secretions from which gland will also affect the secretion of hormones from the thyroid gland, adrenal gland, and ovaries or testes?
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pituitary gland
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The spinal cord communicates with:
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sense organs and muscles below the level of the head
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A fluid-filled channel in the center of the spinal cord is called the:
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central canal
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The nuclei for (at least portions of) cranial nerves I through IV are located in the:
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midbrain and forebrain
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Which of the following means "toward the back"?
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dorsal
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Cerebrospinal fluid is gradually reabsorbed in the ______ of the brain.
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subarachnoid space
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The reticular formation is contained within the:
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brain stem
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The large bundle of axons connecting the two hemispheres of the brain is called the:
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corpus callosum
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An impairment of eating, drinking, temperature regulation, or sexual behavior suggests possible damage to which brain structure?
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hypothalamus
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If the spinal cord is cut at a given segment, the brain loses sensation at:
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that segment and all the segments below it
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One function of the thalamus is to:
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relay sensory information to the cerebral cortex
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Which major functions are controlled by the cranial nerves?
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sensation and muscle control of the head
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What do the corpus callosum and anterior commissure have in common?
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they both connect the two hemispheres
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Vision is to _____ as hearing is to _____.
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cranial nerve II; cranial nerve VIII
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Nerves from the central nervous system convey information to the muscles and glands by way of the:
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somatic nervous system
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Membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord are called:
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meningies
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If one structure is on the left side of the body and another is on the right, they are said to be ____ to each other.
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contralateral
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The parasympathetic nervous system has:
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long preganglionic and short postganglionic axons
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The raphe system:
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increases the brains readiness to respond to stimulus
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The term pons (meaning "bridge") is named as such because:
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axons within the pons cross from one side to the other
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Lamina IV is prominent in:
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all the primary sensory areas
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The prefrontal cortex is important for:
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working memory
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A blind person who suddenly loses the ability to read Braille has probably suffered damage to what area of the cerebral cortex?
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parietal lobe
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Damage to the ____ often causes people to lose their social inhibitions and to ignore the rules of polite conduct.
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prefrontal cortex
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The postcentral gyrus contains ______ separate representations of the body.
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4
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All of the cells in a given column in the cerebral cortex:
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are involved in the same function
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Which lobe contributes to perception of movement and recognition of faces?
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temporal lobe
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The binding or large-scale integration problem is the difficulty of:
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knowing how the visual, auditory, and other areas of your brain work together to create a combined perception of a single object.
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An individual has normal eyes and normal pupillary reflexes but no pattern perception or visual imagery. This person suffers from:
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cortical blindness
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Someone who suddenly loses the ability to identify objects by feeling them has probably suffered damage to what area of the cerebral cortex?
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parietal lobe
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People with damage of the parietal cortex tend to have trouble ______.
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locating objects in space
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One reason why people with prefrontal cortex damage may act impulsively is that they have trouble:
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adjusting their behavior to different contexts
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Knowing that it is appropriate to tackle people on the football field, but not in the classroom is dependent on functioning of the:
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prefrontal cortex
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One currently popular hypothesis about the binding problem is that binding depends on:
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synchronized activity in different brain areas
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Which lobe contains the primary motor cortex and the prefrontal cortex?
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frontal
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Monkeys with Kluver-Bucy syndrome fail to show normal fears and anxieties after damage to the:
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temporal lobe
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What is one important difference between people who are blind because of cortical blindness and others who are blind because of problems with their eyes?
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people with damage to their eyes can still imagine visual scenes
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The ______ monitors all the information about eye, head, and body positions and passes it on to brain areas that control movement.
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parietal lobe
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Prefrontal lobotomies were conducted in the United States in an attempt to:
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treat severe psychiatric disorders
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Which of the following is TRUE about the cortical areas that are sometimes known as "association areas"?
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they would be better described as additional sensory areas
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If the prefrontal cortex is damaged, an individual may:
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have difficulty remembering where they put their keys
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What is the primary target area in the cortex for information regarding muscle-stretch and joint receptors?
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primary somatosensory cortex
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Neurons in the prefrontal cortex ____ than neurons in other cortical areas.
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have more dendritic spines
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Individuals with parietal lobe damage:
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have difficulty binding different aspects of perception
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The precentral gyrus is essential for:
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fine movements
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Across mammalian species, the most constant structure (in terms of relative size) is the:
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cerebellum
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What is the primary area of the cerebral cortex for auditory sensations?
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temporal
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The only area of the cerebral cortex known to receive input from ALL sensory modalities is the:
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prefrontal cortex
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Following damage to the temporal lobe, monkeys that fail to display normal fear of snakes most likely have which of the following?
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Kluver-Bucy syndrome
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The ______ constitutes a higher percentage of the brain in primates than in other species of comparable size.
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cerebral cortex
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The postcentral gyrus in the parietal lobe is the primary area for which type of sensation?
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touch
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The area of the brain known to be important for "binding" is the:
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parietal cortex
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If you could selectively damage the individual laminae of the cortex, damage to which layer would most likely affect visual sensation?
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Layer IV of the occipital cortex
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Which of the following is TRUE about laminae in the cerebral cortex?
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the laminae vary in thickness in different areas
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Lamina V is thickest in the:
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primary motor areas
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Cortical blindness may result from the destruction of:
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the occipital cortex
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Which lobe seems to be especially involved in the comprehension of spoken language in humans?
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temporal
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An MRI device creates an image of the brain based on:
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release of electromagnetic energy from atomic nuclei
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A stereotaxic instrument would most likely be used for:
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placing an electrode on the brain
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How does the method of transcranial magnetic stimulation of brain areas differ from magnetic inactivation?
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brain activation results from mild, brief magnetic stimulation
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Evoked potentials in the brain are most likely to be detected by a(n):
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EEG
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Researchers using a biochemical method to direct a mutation to a particular gene are using the ______ approach.
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genetic approach
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Women on the average have a greater density of neurons in part of the ____.
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temporal lobe
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Which of the following brain imaging techniques measures faint magnetic fields?
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MEG
magnetoencephalography: recording magnetic fields produced by naturally occurring electrical currents in the brain |
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What is the major difference between how phrenologists and today's researchers study the brain?
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phrenologists did not critically examine their data
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Based on brain-to-body weight ratio, it appears that:
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intelligence is not simply a result of this ratio
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The study of relating skull anatomy (bumps and depressions) to behavior is known as:
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phrenology
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So far, it appears that the brain feature most strongly correlated with intelligence in humans is the:
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amount of grey matter
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An electroencephalograph measures:
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the average activity of the cells in a given region of the brain
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If you were interested in determining if the volume of the hippocampus is associated with the amount of stress a person was experiencing, which of the following methods would be the best choice?
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CAT
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Which of the following species has the highest brain-to-body ratio?
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squirrel monkey
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The purpose of creating a sham lesion is to:
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assess the effects of introducing an electrode
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Which of the following brain imaging techniques does NOT provide a functional measure of brain activity?
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MRI
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An ablation is:
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a brain area that has been removed
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A lesion is:
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an area that has been damaged
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Which of the following methods is dependent upon injecting a radioactive chemical into the blood to measure blood flow?
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PET
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Which of the following techniques is dependent upon the release of oxygen from hemoglobin molecules?
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fMRI
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Computerized axial tomography creates an image from:
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x-rays
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One major problem with studies that use PET or measures of regional cerebral blood flow is:
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choosing an appropriate comparison condition
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