Physio Chapter 5

Front 1

Which of the following represents a problem for interpreting the effects of a brain lesion on behavior?

a. Since only 10 percent of the brain is in use, there is only a 10 percent chance that damaging a structure will induce a behavioral change.

b. Behaviors are difficult to monitor reliably in animals.

c. The lesion may impair the function of a distant neural structure, which in turn alters behavior.

d. Each brain structure is isolated from the others.

e. Brain lesions are difficult to produce in animals.

Back 1

The lesion may impair the function of a distant neural structure, which in turn alters behavior.

Front 2

One of the oldest methods used in neuroscience to study brain function is

a. twin-study methods.

b. autoradiography.

c. experimental ablation.

d. stereotaxic surgery.

e. immunocytochemistry.

Back 2

experimental ablation.

Front 3

The key advantage of a reversible lesion is thatSelect one:

a. each animal can serve as its own control.

b. such lesions affect brain tissue near the tip of the lesion device.

c. kainic acid is inexpensive.

d. cell bodies are not affected by reversible procedures.

e. axons of passage are not affected by reversible procedures.Feedback

Back 3

each animal can serve as its own control.

Front 4

Which of the following is an advantage of the functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) technique?Select one:

a. The fMRI scan has a higher resolution relative to the PET scan.

b. fMRI scanners can be built cheaply.

c. The fMRI technique has a moderate degree of inherent danger.

d. The technique is slower than PET but is easier to compute.

e. Oxygen has a long-half life in brain.

Back 4

The fMRI scan has a higher resolution relative to the PET scan.

Front 5

he ________ instrument is used to slice the brain into thin pieces for later examination.Select one:

a. microscopy

b. cryocoil

c. stereotaxic

d. microtome

e. microiontophoreticFeedback

Back 5

microtome

Front 6

The primary disadvantage of the positron emission tomography (PET) scan technique relates toSelect one:

a. an inability of the technique to assess changes in metabolic activity.

b. the fact that the technique can measure neuron volume, but not activity.

c. the operating cost of the scanner.

d. the inherent danger posed by the technique.

e. the long-half life of the radioactive 2-deoxyglucose molecule.

Back 6

the operating cost of the scanner.

Front 7

Infusion of ________ into the brain will destroy cell bodies through the process of overstimulation.Select one:

a. muscimol

b. kainic acid

c. cocaine

d. GABA

e. lidocaine

Back 7

kainic acid

Front 8

________ refers to a histological procedure in which blood is drained and replaced by another fluid, such as a salt solution.Select one:

a. Perfusion

b. Fixation

c. Microdialysis

d. Staining

e. Desanguination

Back 8

Perfusion

Front 9

Of the structures in the following list, cresyl violet stains ________ most intensely.Select one:

a. terminal buttons

b. dendrites

c. synapses

d. axons

e. cell bodies

Back 9

Cell bodies

Front 10

Formalin is useful in the histology laboratory because itSelect one:

a. introduces microorganisms that to help decompose the brain after death.

b. quickly removes the blood from the brain.

c. softens the brain tissue.

d. produces a reversible lesion of the brain.

e. halts the enzyme process that breaks down brain tissue after death.

Back 10

halts the enzyme process that breaks down brain tissue after death.

Front 11

A(n) ________ allows an experimenter to determine whether a lesion in a rat brain produced a specific behavioral effect.Select one:

a. aspiration device

b. cooling electrode

c. sham-lesion control group

d. microdialysis probe

e. pseudo-control group

Back 11

sham-lesion control group

Front 12

A recently developed method for tracing efferent axons involvesSelect one:

a. cresyl violet.

b. iodinated glutamate.

c. PHA-L.

d. formalin.

e. methylene blue.

Back 12

PHA-L.

Front 13

________ is (are) a common landmark or reference point used for stereotaxic surgery.Select one:

a. The fornix

b. The zero point

c. The optic chiasma

d. The parasagittal sutures

e. Bregma

Back 13

Bregma

Front 14

Which of the following is true of the anterograde labeling procedure?Select one:

a. The target molecule is taken up by the dendrites of cells in the injection zone and transported through axons.

b. The target molecule is transported from the axon terminals back to the soma and dendrites.

c. A target molecule is injected into the gut.

d. A light microscopy method is used to visualize the cells in a section that contain the target molecules.

e. Eventually most the target molecule fills cell bodies.

Back 14

The target molecule is transported from the axon terminals back to the soma and dendrites.

Front 15

The RNA, DNA, and associated proteins in cell bodies are collectively referred to asSelect one:

a. Nissl substance.

b. gangliosides.

c. cytoplasm.

d. nucleotides.

e. amino acids.

Back 15

Nissl substance.

Front 16

The ________ is a device used to detect the electrical activity of a single nerve cell in the brain.Select one:

a. micromyograph

b. macroelectrode

c. microelectrode

d. electroencephalograph

e. microdialysis probe

Back 16

microelectrode

Front 17

The functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) technique measures changes in ________ to image brain metabolic activity.Select one:

a. blood oxygen level

b. glucose levels

c. GABA Incorrect

d. magnetic waves

e. x-ray diffraction

Back 17

Blood Oxygen Level

Front 18

The chemical ________ can be used to trace the paths of afferent axons.Select one:

a. 6-hydroxydopamine

b. cresyl violet

c. PHA-L

d. fluorogold

e. methylene blue

Back 18

fluorogold

Front 19

The most common fixative of nerve tissue isSelect one:

a. flurogold.

b. lidocaine.

c. kainic acid.

d. formalin.

e. saline.

Back 19

Formalin

Front 20

he ________ labeling method uses chemicals that are taken up by dendrites and then transported through axons toward terminal buttons.Select one:

a. homosynaptic

b. retrograde

c. axoplasmic

d. heterosynaptic

e. anterograde

Back 20

anterograde

Front 21

he surgical instrument used to implant an electrode or cannula into the brain is termed aSelect one:

a. stereotaxic apparatus.

b. electroencephalogram.

c. macroelectrode.

d. cryoloop.

e. magnetrode.

Back 21

stereotaxic apparatus.

Front 22

Which of the following is a rationale for lesion studies?Select one:

a. The change in behavior that follows a particular brain lesion can give important clues about the function of that brain area.

b. Lesions are easily made within the brain.

c. Brain lesions reliably produce marked changes in behaviors.

d. Brain lesions are specific for fibers of passage.

e. Brain lesions allow for activation of behavioral circuits.

Back 22

The change in behavior that follows a particular brain lesion can give important clues about the function of that brain area.

Front 23

Of these techniques for visualizing the living human brain, the first developed wasSelect one:

a. magnetic resonance imaging.

b. computerized tomography.

c. diffusion tensor imaging.

d. microdialysis.

e. PET scanning.

Back 23

computerized tomography.