Physio 6-13

Front 1

Local communication forms

Back 1

Gap junctions, contact dependent signals, autocrine signals, paracrine signals

Front 2

Gap junctions

Back 2

Direct cytoplasmiccontact communication btwn cells

Front 3

Contact dependent signals

Back 3

Require interaction btwn membrane molecules of 2 cells

Front 4

Autocrine signals

Back 4

Act on cell that secretes them

Front 5

Paracrine signals

Back 5

Diffuse onto adjacent cells

Front 6

Long distance communication

Back 6

Hormones, neurotransmitters, neurohormones

Front 7

Neurotransmitters

Back 7

Chemicals secreted by neurons that diffuse across gap to target cell

Front 8

Neurohormones

Back 8

Chemicals released by neurons into blood for action on distant targets

Front 9

Cell surface receptors

Back 9

Receptor channels, G protein, coupled receptors, receptor enzyme, integrin receptor

Front 10

Receptor channel

Back 10

Ligand binding opens or closes channel, Pore in membrane

Front 11

G protein coupled receptor

Back 11

Ligand binding opens ion channel or alters enzyme activity, releases GDP

Front 12

Receptor enzyme

Back 12

Ligand binding activates intracellular enzyme

(Catalytic receptors)

Front 13

Integrin receptor

Back 13

Alters enzyme or cytoskeleton (catalytic receptor)

Front 14

Intracellular messenger

Back 14

Calcium

Front 15

Troponin

Back 15

Calcium sensor protein in skeletal muscle and cardiomyoctes. Initiates muscle contraction.

Front 16

Calmodulin

Back 16

Calcium sensor protein (all muscle) that regulates enzyme activity and membrane transporters

Front 17

Calcium activated ion channels

Back 17

Calcium binds to ligand gated ion channels and regulates membrane permeability

Front 18

Embryonic development

Back 18

Calcium stimulates cell division to enable embryonic growth

Front 19

Neural reflexes

Back 19

Fast, specific, electrical implementations, short.

Intensity coded by frequency of action potential in afferent neurons

Front 20

Endocrine reflexes

Back 20

Slow, widespread, hormones in blood, longer lasting.

Stimulus intensity coded by amount of hormone secreted

Front 21

Nervous system

Back 21

Uses electrical impulses as messengers

Front 22

Endocrine system

Back 22

Uses hormones as chemical messenger

Front 23

Hormone types

Back 23

Steroid, thyroid, amino acid based

Front 24

3 ways hormones are released

Back 24

Humoral stimuli, neural stimuli, hormonal stimuli

Front 25

Humoral stimuli

Back 25

Ion blood levels directly stimulate hormone secretions

Front 26

Neural stimuli

Back 26

Nerve fibers stimulate hormone release

Front 27

Hormonal stimuli

Back 27

Hormones stimulate endocrine organs to release their hormones

Front 28

Permissiveness

Back 28

One hormone cannot exert effects without other hormone being present

Front 29

Synergism

Back 29

Multiple hormones producing effects on target cell causing amplification

Front 30

Antagonism

Back 30

One or more hormones, opposing action of another hormone

Front 31

Posterior pituitary hormones

Back 31

Oxytocin, anti-diuretic hormone

Front 32

Oxytocin

Back 32

Childbirth uterine contractions (Pitocin), milk ejection

Front 33

Anti-diuretic hormone

Back 33

Targets kidneys to reabsorb water, triggered by pain, low blood pressure and drugs. Monitors salute concentrations

Front 34

Anterior pituitary hormones

Back 34

Growth hormone, thyroid, stimulating hormone, adrenocorticopic, follicle, stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, prolactin

Front 35

Adrenocorticotropic (acth)

Back 35

Stimulates adrenal cortex to release corticosteroids. Daily rhythm.

Front 36

Luteinizing hormone

Back 36

Produces gonadal hormones. Testosterone production, triggers ovulation, release of estrogen and progesterone.

Front 37

Thyroid gland

Back 37

Butterfly shaped, major metabolic hormone.

heat production, BP, tissue growth & development

Front 38

Parathyroid gland

Back 38

4 yellow glands embedded in thyroid posterior

Targets skeleton, kidneys, small intestine. Ca2+ homeostasis.

Front 39

Adrenal gland

Back 39

Pyramid shaped on top of kidneys. Produces corticosteroids, regulates, electrolyte concentrations, increases blood volume and blood pressure, stimulates, sodium reabsorption. Cortisol.

Front 40

Pancreas

Back 40

Triangular gland behind stomach. produce enzyme, rich digestive juice. Produces glucose and insulin through alpha and beta cells.

Front 41

Adrenal cortex

Back 41

Hormone: cortisol

Influences cell metabolism, and blood pressure

Front 42

Adrenal medulla

Back 42

Epinephrine and nor epinephrine. response to stress

Front 43

cortisol

Back 43

regulates stress response, metabolism, inflammation suppression, Bp, blood sugar, sleep-wake cycle

Front 44

epinephrine (adrenaline)

Back 44

fight or flight, metabolism, attention, focus, panic, excitement

Front 45

norepinephrine

Back 45

made from dopamine. increases alertness,arousal, and attention. maintains bp. sleep-wake cycle. mood &memory.

Front 46

aldosterone

Back 46

regulates bp, manages Na & K, impacts blood volume

Front 47

peripheral nervous system

Back 47

nerves and ganglia

Front 48

afferent division

Back 48

info from receptors to CNS

Front 49

somatic afferent fibers

Back 49

from skin, skeletal muscle, and joints

Front 50

visceral afferent fibers

Back 50

from organs within ventral cavities

Front 51

special sensory afferent fibers

Back 51

from nose, eye, tongue, ear

Front 52

efferent division

Back 52

motor neurons carry from cns to effectors

Front 53

somatic efferent fibers

Back 53

voluntary muscle contraction

Front 54

autonomic efferent fibers

Back 54

involuntary cardiac, smooth muscle, and gland control

Front 55

sympathetic division

Back 55

fight or flight

Front 56

parasympathetic

Back 56

rest and digest

Front 57

soma

Back 57

cell body; contains nucleus and organelles

Front 58

dendrites

Back 58

input signal, branching extensions that contain receptors to detect neurotransmitters

Front 59

axon hillock

Back 59

cell body tapers into axon, where AP originates

Front 60

axon

Back 60

long process, transmits AP away from soma

Front 61

myelin sheath

Back 61

insulation from glial cells wrapped around axon

Front 62

nodes of ranvier

Back 62

gaps in myelin sheath

Front 63

internodes

Back 63

segments of myelin

Front 64

axon terminals

Back 64

enlarged ends of axon containing synaptic vesicles

Front 65

astrocyte

Back 65

star shaped,

structural support, anchor neurons to surrounding tissues and capillaries. maintain blood barrier

adjusts interstitial environment, guides neuron development .

Front 66

Oligodendrocyte

Back 66

wraps cytoplasmic process around axon of neurons, forms myelin sheath

Front 67

microglia

Back 67

oval cells with long thorny processes, removes cellular debris and pathogens

Front 68

ependymal

Back 68

line chambers filled with cerebrospinal fluid, maintain composition of CSF and circulate it

Front 69

schwall cells

Back 69

surrounds and protects axons in PNS, forms myelin sheith

Front 70

neurilemma

Back 70

outer layer that contains schwann cell cytoplasm

Front 71

satellite cells

Back 71

surround cell bodies of neurons. isolates and regulates exchange of nutrients and waste

Front 72

Goldman hodgekin katz equaation

Back 72

membrane potential is determined by combined gradient and membrane permeability for each ion

Front 73

conductance

Back 73

ease with which ions flow thru a channel

Front 74

current flow

Back 74

flow of electrical charge carried by an ion

Front 75

resistance

Back 75

the force that opposes the current

Front 76

ohms law

Back 76

I=V/R
current = voltage/resistance

Front 77

graded potential

Back 77

localized change in membrane potential, short lived, stimulated by neurotransmitter binding to ligand gated channels. if stimulus is excitatory it will cause depolarization. diminish as travels.

Front 78

action potential

Back 78

brief reversal of membrane potential that spreads down axon. wave of depolarization followed by repolarization. last 2 seconds, does not diminish as it travels. frequency of AP increases to reflect stronger stimuli

Front 79

absolute refractory period

Back 79

time during AP when it is difficult/impossible to generate another AP

Front 80

relative refractory period

Back 80

period after falling phase of AP where an exceptionally strong stimulus is needed to trigger another AP

Front 81

neurocrine secretions

Back 81

neurotransmitters, neurohoromones, neuromodulators

Front 82

nicotinic

Back 82

ligand gated ion channels of skeletal muscle

Front 83

muscarine

Back 83

g protein couple receptor on autonomic parasympathetic

Front 84

amines

Back 84

neurotransmitter derived by single amino acid

dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine

Front 85

andrenergic receptor

Back 85

second messengers

Front 86

glutamate

Back 86

exitatory neurotransmitter of CNS. depolarizes target cells, neuromodulator

Front 87

ampa receptor

Back 87

opened by glutamate binding, ligand gated cation channel

Front 88

gaba

Back 88

inhibitory neurotransmitter in brain, hyperpolarizes target cell

Front 89

nmda receptor

Back 89

nonselective cation channel. requires both glutamate binding and change in membrane potential

Front 90

ionotropic receptor

Back 90

fast.makes epsps and ipsps

aka ligand gated ion channels

Front 91

metabolic receptors

Back 91

slow. makes esps and ipsp.

aka g protein linked receptors.

leads to metabolic change within cell.

Front 92

excitatory post synaptic potential (epsp)

Back 92

graded potentials that occur from depolarization

Front 93

Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)

Back 93

graded potential that occurs from hyperpolarization.

Front 94

temporal summation

Back 94

combined impulses arriving at trigger zone close together

Front 95

spatial summation

Back 95

stimuli at different locations on neuron combine simultaniously

Front 96

grey matter

Back 96

neural cell bodies and synapses

Front 97

white matter

Back 97

bundles of myelinated axons

Front 98

dura matter

Back 98

anchors brain to cranial bone, forms sinus that drains blood from brain to jugular

Front 99

arachnoid matter membrane

Back 99

cobweb like, middle of meninges. filled w cerebrospinal fluid

Front 100

pia matter

Back 100

deepest layer of meninges, contacts surface of brain and spinal chord

Front 101

meninges

Back 101

tissue membrane surrounding CNS

Front 102

ascending tracts

Back 102

impulses transmitting towards brain

Front 103

descending tracts

Back 103

motor commands from brain to pns

Front 104

dorsal root ganglia

Back 104

nerve bodies along dorsal and ventral roots of spine

Front 105

dorsal root

Back 105

posterior root of spinal chord

Front 106

ventral root

Back 106

anterior root of spinal chord

Front 107

blood brain barrier

Back 107

highly selective brain capillaries that protect the brain

Front 108

cerebral corex

Back 108

sensory areas for perception, direct movement, association integrating info

Front 109

cerebellum

Back 109

movement coordination, sensory feedback, complex movement "little brain"

Front 110

diencephalon

Back 110

thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, pineal gland

Front 111

brainstem

Back 111

midbrain, pons, medulla oblongotta

Front 112

hypothalamus

Back 112

activates sympathetic NS, body temp, osmolarity (thirst, secretion), satiation, behavior and emotion, cardiac control cntr, and hormone release

Front 113

cerebellum

Back 113

CEREBRAL CORTEX

sensory perception, skeletal muscle movement

LIMBIC SYSTEM

amyglada, hippocampus

Front 114

thalamus

Back 114

relay center

Front 115

pineal gland

Back 115

melatonin

Front 116

hypothalamus

Back 116

homeostasis & behavioral drives

Front 117

pituitary gland

Back 117

horomone secretion

Front 118

midbrain

Back 118

eye movement

Front 119

pons

Back 119

relay btwn cerebrum and cerebellum

Front 120

medulla oblongata

Back 120

involunary function

Front 121

reticular formation

Back 121

arousal, sleep, muscle tone, pain modulation

Front 122

frontal lobe

Back 122

most anterior, plans motor commands

Front 123

parietal lobe

Back 123

most superior, somasensory processing

Front 124

occipital lobe

Back 124

most posterior, visual processing

Front 125

temporal lobe

Back 125

most interior, auditory, olfactory, memory and emotion

Front 126

limbic system

Back 126

influences emotion, fear, and learning

Front 127

reticular activating system

Back 127

promotes arousal, keeps concious brain awake

Front 128

EEG

Back 128

electroencephalography, records brain activity

Front 129

sensory receptors

Back 129

cells acting as sensors, produces Action potential

Front 130

sensory transduction

Back 130

converts stimulus to action potential

Front 131

mechanoreceptors

Back 131

detects mechanical stimuli (pressure, vibration, bending, stretching)

Front 132

pinna

Back 132

outer ear

Front 133

middle ear

Back 133

malleus, incus, stapes

Front 134

inner ear

Back 134

semicircular canals, oval window, vestibular apparatus, cochlea, round window, nerves

Front 135

vestibular apparatus

Back 135

in inner ear, senses linear accelaration

Front 136

oliths

Back 136

crystals that move in response to gravitational force

Front 137

cupula

Back 137

gelatinous mass, pushed y endolymph fluid in the opposite direction of head movement

Front 138

orbit

Back 138

bony cavity of skull, protects eye

Front 139

lacrinal apparatus

Back 139

glands and ducts responsible for constant flow of tears

Front 140

pupil

Back 140

opening in eye, allows light to pass

Front 141

iris

Back 141

colored ring of pigment

Front 142

lens

Back 142

transparent disk, focuses light

Front 143

zonules

Back 143

ligament suspended in lens

Front 144

aqueous humor

Back 144

fluid filled anterior chamber in front of lens

Front 145

vitreous chamber

Back 145

chamber behind lens

Front 146

vitreous body

Back 146

gelatinous filling of chambersckera, maintains eyeball shape

Front 147

schlera

Back 147

connective tissue on outer wall of eyeballs

Front 148

retina

Back 148

lining of eye, contains photoreceptors

Front 149

optic disk

Back 149

where neurons form optic nerve and exit eye

Front 150

fovea and macula

Back 150

regions of retina with acute vision

Front 151

hyperopia

Back 151

far sightedness, focal point behind retina

Front 152

myopia

Back 152

near sightedness, focal point in front of retina

Front 153

autonomic nervous system

Back 153

regulates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

Front 154

parasympathetic

Back 154

rest & digest
origin: brainstem & sacral
ganglion: on or close to targets
pathway: long preganglionic, short post ganglioning

Front 155

sympathetic

Back 155

fight or flight:
origin: thoracic and lumbar
ganglion: close to spinal chord
pathway: short preganglionic, long post ganglionic

Front 156

cholingergic neurons

Back 156

axons that release Ach

Front 157

adrenergic neurons

Back 157

axons that release NE

Front 158

cholinergic receptors

Back 158

bind Ach

Front 159

adrenal receptors

Back 159

bind NE

Front 160

adrenal medulla

Back 160

atop kidneys. releases epinephrine into blood