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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is the formula for speed, what are the units for speed, how many seconds are there in one hour and why is average speed written? |
Distance/time = speed.
Units = m/s
There are 3600 seconds in 1 hour.
Average speed is written because the speed of a vehicle changes during a journey. |
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What is the speed of a car at a certain point in time called and what does increasing the speed mean for the car? |
Instantaneous speed is the name for speed at a certain point in time.
Distance travelled = average speed x time.
Increasing the speed reduces the time needed to cover the same distance. |
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What do distance-time graphs allow, what does the gradient tell you and what do the different gradients show? |
It allows a collection of data to be shown as it is easier to interpret data when they are plotted a graph than when listed in a results table.
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What is a change of speed per unit of time called, what does it mean if something is accelerating/decelerating and how do you work out the distance travelled from a speed-time graph? |
Change of speed per unit of time is called acceleration.
If speed is increasing the object is accelerating and if the speed is decreasing then the object is decelerating.
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What is the formula for measuring acceleration, what is it measured in and what does negative acceleration mean? |
Change in speed (or velocity)/time taken = acceleration.
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What is velocity and what is relative velocity? |
Velocity is a vector because it has both size (speed) and direction.
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How do vehicles go around roundabouts? |
A vehicle may go around a roundabout at a constant speed but it is accelerating and this is because its direction of travel is changing - it's not going in a straight line.
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What is the equation for force, what can this also be used for, what are the units of force and talk about balanced and unbalanced forces? |
Force = mass x acceleration (f = m x a).
If the forces acting on an object are balanced, it's at rest or has a constant speed.
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What is thinking distance, what is braking distance and what is the equation concerning these two factors? |
The thinking distance is the distance travelled in between the driver realising he needs to brake and actually braking.
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Why may reaction time and thinking distance increase? |
Reaction time, and therefore thinking distance may increase if a driver is: |
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Why may braking distance increase? |
Braking distance may increase if: - road conditions are poor e.g. icy. |
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How should you drive safely? |
For safe driving it is important to be able to stop safely: |
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What are the factors affecting braking distance? |
The greater the mass of a vehicle the greater its braking distance.
Worn tyres with very little tread reduce the grip of the wheels on a slippery road, leading to skidding and an increase in braking distance.
Increased braking force reduces the stopping distance. |
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Describe the relationship between thinking distance and speed, and braking distance and speed. |
Thinking distance increases linearly with speed.
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When is work done, what is the equation and what are the units? |
Work is done when a force moves an object in the direction in which the force acts.
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What is weight a measure of, what is the formula and what does a mass of 1kg have on Earth: |
Weight is a measure of the gravitational attraction on a body acting towards the centre of the Earth.
Weight = mass x gravitational field strength.
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What is power, what is the formula, what are the units, how can it be rearranged and when is a person's power greater? |
Power is the rate at which work is done.
Work done/time taken = power. Work done/power = time taken.
Time = s, power = W, work done = J
A person's power is greater when they run than when they walk. |
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Why are some cars more powerful than others and what is the problem with fuel and fuel consumption? |
Some cars are more powerful than others: - they travel faster and cover the same distance in a shorter time and require more fuel. - the power rating of a car depends on its engine size.
Fuel: - more powerful cars have greater fuel consumption. |
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How is power related to force and speed? |
Power = work done/time taken.
Which equals:
Which equals:
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What does the breaking distance of a car increase with, what is the formula for kinetic energy and what are the units? |
Braking distance increases with increasing speed, but not proportionally. Kinetic energy = half mv squared. m = mass in kg, v = velocity in m/s, kinetic energy = energy in J |
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When a car stops what happens to the kinetic energy and what is this shown by? |
When a car stops, its kinetic energy changes into heat in the brakes, tyres and road, shown by the formula: - work done by brakes = loss in kinetic energy.
When the speed of a car doubles, the KE and braking distance quadruple which is why there are speed limits and penalties for drivers who exceed them. |
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What is fuel consumption data based on and what are the factors that affect fuel consumption? |
Based on ideal road conditions for a car driven at a steady speed in urban and non-urban conditions.
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What are the advantages of battery powered electric cars? |
Don't pollute the local environment.
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What are the disadvantages of electric, battery powered cars? |
The battery takes up a lot of room.
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Why have electric cars been developed, what are the pros and cons of solar powered electric cars and why aren't biofuels that good? |
Electric cars were developed because exhaust fumes from petrol-fuelled cars cause serious pollution in towns and cities.
Solar powered electric cars: PRO: don't produce carbon dioxide emissions.
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What is the formula for momentum and what are the units? |
Momentum = mass x velocity.
Units = kgm/s. |
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How should injuries be reduced in a collision? |
Forces should be as small as possible: |
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How can forces be reduced and how can that be done, also with safety features? |
Forces can be reduced by reducing the acceleration.
Safety features that do this include: - crumple zones. |
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What are the safety features that modern cars have? |
Modern cars have safety features that absorb energy when a vehicle stops suddenly: |
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On impact what do the safety features of a car do? |
Crumple zones at the front and rear of the car absorb some of its energy by changing shape or 'crumpling'.
Seat belts stretch a little so that some of the person's kinetic energy is converted to elastic energy.
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What do all safety features on a car do? |
The safety features: - absorb energy. |
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Why don't some people like wearing seat belts? |
People don't like seat belts because: - there is a risk of chest injury. |
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What helps to provide safety information in crash tests? |
Despite computer modelling, crash tests using real vehicles and dummies provide more safety information. |
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What is ABS and how does it work? |
ABS brakes are a primary safety feature which helps to prevent a crash. - Anti-Lock Brake System
- wheel-speed sensors send information to a computer about the rotational speed of the wheels. |
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How do you calculate the kinetic energy lost in a car (to do with brakes) and what is the relationship between force and braking distance?
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Kinetic energy lost = work done by brake.
- half mv squared = force x distance. - m=mass of car, v=speed of car before breaking and d=braking distance. If the force increases, the braking distance decreases. |
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What are other primary safety features in a car?
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Cruise control which stops a driver becoming tired on a long journey and pressing harder on the accelerator.
Electric windows and paddle shift controls which allow the driver to concentrate on the road. |
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What do all objects fall with?
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The same acceleration due to gravity as long as the effect of air resistance is very small.
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What does the size of the air resistance force on a falling object depend on?
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Its cross-sectional area:
- the larger the area the greater the air resistance. Its speed: - the faster it falls the greater the air resistance. |
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When does air resistance have a significant effect on motion?
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It only has an effect when it is large compared to the weight of the falling object.
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Describe what is happening to the parachutist in diagram 1.
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The weight of the parachutist is greater than air resistance so he accelerates.
The parachutist accelerates, displacing more air molecules every second. The air resistance force increases which reduces the acceleration. Therefore the higher the speed, the more resistance. |
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Describe what is happening to the parachutist in diagram 3.
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The weight of the parachutist and air resistance are equal.
The parachutist has reached terminal speed/velocity because the forces acting on him are balanced. He travels at a constant speed. |
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Describe what is happening to the parachutist in diagram 4.
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The air resistance is larger than the weight of the parachutist so he slows down and air resistance increases.
When the parachute opens, the upward force increases suddenly as there is a much larger surface area, displacing more air molecules every second. The parachutist decelerates, displacing fewer air molecules each second, so the air resistance force decreases. |
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Describe what is happening to the parachutist in diagram 5 and what else uses parachutes.
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The air resistance and weight of the parachute are the same so he reaches a new, slower terminal speed/velocity so he lands safely.
Drag racers and the Space Shuttle use parachutes to slow them down rapidly. |
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What is the force on each kilogram of mass due to gravity on Earth and what is 'g' also know as?
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The force on each kilogram of mass due to gravity (g) is approximately 10N on Earth (10N/kg).
'g' is also known as acceleration due to gravity. - g=10m/s squared approximately. |
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Give 3 facts about gravitational field strength:
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It is unaffected by atmospheric conditions.
It varies with position on the Earth's surface (9.78N/kg at the equator and 9.83N/kg at the poles). It varies with height above or depth below the Earth's surface. |
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What does an object held above the ground have, what is this shown by and what is this measured in?
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Gravitational potential energy.
GPE = mgh: - m=mass. - h=vertical height moved. - g=gravitational field strength (10N/kg). GPE is measured in joules (J). |
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What does a bouncing ball do in terms of converting energy?
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Converts gravitational potential energy to kinetic energy and back to gravitational potential energy.
It does not return to its original height because energy is transferred. |
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What is happening to the bouncing ball in this diagram just before it is dropped?
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The ball has GPE but no KE.
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What is happening to the ball just as it first reaches the ground?
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The ball has just reached the ground so it has KE but no GPE.
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What is happening to the ball as it just leaves the ground?
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The ball squashes and has elastic potential energy which is converted to kinetic energy as it leaves the ground.
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What is happening to the ball on its first rebound?
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The ball has GPE but no KE at the top of the bounce
(if the ball was originally dropped from a height of 2m then on the first rebound it would probably reach 1.2m). |
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What happens when skydivers reach terminal speed and when terminal speed is reached what can it be shown by?
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When skydivers reach terminal speed, their kinetic energy (half mv squared) has a maximum value and remains constant.
The GPE lost as they fall is used to do work against friction (air resistance). When terminal speed is reached it can be shown as: - change in GPE = work done against friction. |
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What does a roller coaster use to get so high and what energy do the riders at the top and when the car is released have?
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Uses a motor to haul the train up in the air.
Riders at the top have a lot of GPE. When the train is released it converts GPE to KE as it falls which is shown by the formula: - loss of GPE = gain in KE. |
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Ignoring friction, as the train of a roller coaster falls what equations can be used and rearranged to represent the forces?
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Equations:
- mgh = half mv squared - 2mgh = mv squared - 2gh = v squared So this is independent of the mass of the falling object. |
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Why is each peak of the roller coaster lower than the other, what formula is this shown by, what happens when mass doubles and what happens when speed doubles?
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Because some energy is transferred to heat and sound due to friction and air resistance.
Shown by the formula: - GPE at top = KE at the bottom + energy transferred (to heat and sound) due to friction. If speed doubles, KE quadruples (KE (is equal to) v squared). If mass doubles, KE doubles (KE (is equal to) m). |