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144 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
How much would the sealevel rise if icesheets were to defrost?
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300 ft rise
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What coral is extinct?
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tabulate and rugose
today corals: scallarett tennan |
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What are fingerlike projections?
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spits
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What category is a storm surge that is greater than 18 feet?
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Category 5
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What are the different types of coral reefs?
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fringing, barrier reef, atoll and pinnacle
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Which hurricane prompted the creation of the Sapphir-Simpson Scale?
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Hurricane Camille
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Which sandunes point upward?
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Parabolic
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A drainage basin where rain and snow melt into common body of water
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watershed
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Each watershed basin is separated topographically
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Watershed Divide
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Waterway transmits water through landscape from higher area
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River
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Streams Shallowest Point
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Point Bar
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Bank where erosion is concentrated
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cutbank
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Flat land adjacent to Fluvial System
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Floodplain
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Curving of Sinuous Path
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Meandering streams
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Decrease in stream velocity, sediment is deposited on floor of channel
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Braided Stream
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U shaped water body
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Oxbow Lake
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Streatch of river or creek in which water depth is above average
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Pool
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Shallow stretch of river or stream where veolcity picks up
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Riffle
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Furthest upstream tributaries of a river
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headwaters
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Where it feeds into a river
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Mouth
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Mouth of river flows into a ocean sea estuary or lake
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Delta
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Geologic formation that is water bearing
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Aquifer
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Aquifer that is of primary economic importance to a region
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Primary Aquifer
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Aquifer not relied on as a primary source of drinking water
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Secondary Aquifer
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Aquifer separated from other aquifers and land surfaces by a confining rock layer
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Confined Aquifer
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Layer of geologic material which hampers the movement of water into and out of an aquifier
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Aquitard
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Aquifers that are not below a confining layer
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Unconfined Aquifer
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Allowers groundwater to partially fill the aquifer and allow upper surface of the groundwater called the water table to freely rise and fall based on recharge
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Unconfined Layer
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Top of a unconfined aquifer below which the pore spaces are generally saturated
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Water Table
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Aquifer where groundwater body is separated from the main froundwater below it by an impremeable layer
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Perched Aquifer
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Aquifer must have 4 characteristics to work:
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recharge, porosity, permeability and discharge
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Allows water to replenish an aquifers water recourses through groundwater percolation
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Recharge
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Water headed below root zone to go into a aquifer
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Percolation
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Ratio of volume of voids to the volume of aquifer material
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Porostiy
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Capacity of porous rock sediment or soil to transmit groundwater
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Permeability
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movement of groundwater from an aquifer to the Earth's surface into a surface water body
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Discharge
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Water Flows laterally
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Springs
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oozed from the ground to the surface
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Seeps
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Openings made by digging or drilling down into the zone of saturation
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Wells
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A wells whose source of water comes from a confined well
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Artesian Well
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Zone of aquifer in which all pores are filled with water
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Saturated Zone
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Contains both water and air in pore spaces
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Unsaturated Zone
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Area where water is pulled from aquifer upward into unsaturated zone by capillary action
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Capillary Fringe
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-Tx S most extension of aquifer
-Partially covers 8 states -Agriculture -10 mya |
Ogallala Aquifer
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-Limestone
-Unique and most prolific artesian groundwater systems in the world |
Edwards Aquifer
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-Supplies groundwater for Waco area
-Stephenville recharge zone -Dropped 400 ft since 70s |
Trinity Aquifer
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Underground drainage system
-Carbonic Acid -forms caves and caverns |
Karst Topography
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-Depression or hole caused by the removal of soil or bedrock, often both, by water
-Wink Sink: continues to grow today |
Sinkhole
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-Major Aquifer Systems
-Minor Aquifer Systems |
-9
-20 |
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Travertine, formed from slow dripping of groundwater
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Dripstone/Flowstone
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Hollow inside and water dripping through
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Soda Straw
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formed when water seeps along slanted cavern cieling
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Drapery
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Stone balls on floor of cavern
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Cave Pearls
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Clusters of Calcite Balls
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Popcorn
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Very long dripstones
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Totem Poles
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Similar to soda straw except curls and twist
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Helictites
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-100 mya
-Experienced uplift and karsting 25 mya |
Natural Bridge Caverns
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-Ordivician
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Longhorn Caverns
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Has alluvium containing valuable minerals
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Placer Deposits
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Rock on the sea floor formed layers of iron and manganese hydroxides around a core
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Polymetallic Nodule
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1.Pacific Ocean
2.Atlantic Ocean 3.Indian Ocean 4.Southern Ocean 5.Artic Ocean |
5 major world oceans from largest to smallest
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This ocean contains
Petroleum and gas fields, sand and gravel aggregates, placer deposits, polymetallic nodules, and precious stones |
Atlantic Ocean
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This ocean contains placer deposits/oil production/petroleum/heavy minerals
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Indian Ocean
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This ocean contains oil and gas fields/placer deposits
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Southern Ocean
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Petroleum and gas fields, placer deposits, polymetallic nodules, sand and gravel aggregates
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Artic Ocean
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EEZ:
-200 nautical miles -major geologic resources |
Exclusive Economic Zone
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Nearshore current incoming water flows parallel to the shore
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Longshore Current
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Narrow powerful curent of water running perpendicuar to beach, erodes beachfront
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Rip Current
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Backshore
Berm Beachface Foreshore |
Beach components
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Spits completely grow across water so they close off bay
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Baymouth bars
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Sand deposits form as waves bent around isaldn
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Tombolo
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-Long narrow island of sand deposits form short distance off shore
-South Padre Island |
Barrier Island
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-Ocean Salinity
-Freshwater Salinity -Brackish Salinity |
-35 ppt
-less than 0.5 ppt -0.5-17 ppt |
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-Least Saline Sea
-Most Saline Sea |
Baltic
Red |
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Rip Rap, Seawall, Jetty, Sand replenishment, Special Fencing
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These reduce coastal erosion
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Fossil evidenc eof prokaryotic life that remains alive today found in Shark Bay, Australia and Lee Stocking Island, Bahamas
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stomatolites
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-Several 100 km long and thick
-Spectacular Scenary |
Valley Glaciers
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-Flow outward in all direction
-Antartica and Greenland -3000 m |
Continental Glaciers
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Kames,eskers and drumlins form from which type of glacier?
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Continental
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Rock that doesn't match local rock, runaway rock
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Glaccial Erratic
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Valleys scoured by glaciers that deepen and widen
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u-shaped valleys
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Cutt off ridges tha textend into preglacier valley
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truncated spurs
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floor at higher level than main valley, waterfalls
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hanging valleys
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steep walled embayments
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fiords
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bowl shaped
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cirques
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glaciers erode backwards and leave narrow ridge in between
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aretes
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steep walled peaks
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horns
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cirques contian these small lakes
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tarns
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pile rubble long ridge like accumulation
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end moraines
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glacier retreats and deposit sediment irregular rolling topography
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ground moraines
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retreated and begin to stabilize again
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recessional moraines
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deposited by pleistocene glacier
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terminal moraines
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valley glacier start melting
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lateral
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plucks off rock from downhill side
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roche moutonnee
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bedrock eroded by glacial ice leaves polished
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abrasion and glacial polish
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abrasion causes straight scratches
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striations and grooves
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glacial ice freezes in cracks
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plucking
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unstratified sediments deposited directly by glacial ice
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glacial till
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continental glaciers deposited till reshaped elongated hills
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Drumlins
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conical hills that contain stratified drift
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Kames
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Long sinous ridges of stratified drift meander and have tributaries
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Eskers
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melted water rich in sediments, braided streams
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outwash sediments
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Annual deposition in a lake
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varves
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rafted into lakes by ice block from a glacier
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dropstones
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-Grand Teton Glacier (wyoming)
-Mendenhall Glacier (alaska):5th largest icefield in the world |
Glaciers in N America
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-Variations solar input/increased volvanism reduced radiation
-Epoch name? |
-Little Ice Age
-Pleistocene |
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Primary erosional force for desert environment
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water
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Isolated pillar
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butte
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broad flat topped erosion feature
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mesa
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tall thin rock,rise from bottom
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hoodoo
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island mountain
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inselberg
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-crescent shaped sand dune
-most mobile -constant wind direction |
barchan dunes
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-long parallel to wind direction
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Longitudinal dunes
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-perpendicular to prevailing winds
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transverse dues
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-center blown out
-coastal area |
Parabolic Dune
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-Saudi Arabia
-pyramid hills -variable wind direction -do not migrate |
Star Dunes
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any region that recieves less than 10 in of rainfall a yr
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desert
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How much of earth's surface is covered with desert?
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20%
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Largest Desert in N America:
-Creosote (preserves RR tracks) |
Chihuahuan Desert
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Arid Region
Death Valley Resources: sand/gravel,borax,potash,salt |
Mojave Desert
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Hottest
Palm Springs |
Sonoran Desert
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2nd largest desert in America
"cold desert" Colorado Plateau |
Great Basin Desert
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20-40 mi wide
high air pressure calm |
eye
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eye
eyewall spiral band |
part of a hurricane
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most dangerous because heavy rain/tall clouds/strong winds
right of storm most dangerous |
eye wall
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found outward from center
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spiral band
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unorganized mass of thunderstorms
under 23 mph |
tropical disturbance
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organized circulation
23-39 mph |
tropical storm
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Over 74 mph
storm surge force winds |
Hurricane
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74-95 mph
4-5 ft storm surge coastal flooding, no maj damage |
Category 1 Hurricane: Minor
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96-110 mph
6-8 ft storm surge damage vegetation,mobile homes,floodd |
Category 2 Hurricane: Moderate
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111-130 mph
9-12 ft storm surge damage small houses,flood coast and terrain |
Category 3 Hurricane: Major
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131-155 mph
13-18 ft storm surge damage roof, trees,maj erosion |
Category 4 Hurricane: Serious
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156+ mph
more than 18 ft storm surge damage maj flooding,massive evacuation |
Category 5 Hurricane: Catastrophic
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In what year did male and female hurricanes names begin to be alternated
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1979
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How many names are retired?
Why are they retired? how soon re-used? |
64
legal reasons 10 |
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2005 retired hurricane names
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katrina
rita willma |
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Category 5
190 mph winds 22-25 ft storm surge develop Sapphir Simpson aug 69 |
Hurricane Camille
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category 5
160 mph winds charleston,SC sept 89 |
Hurricane Hugo
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category 5
175 mph s florida |
Hurricane Andrew
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tropical storm
5 days rain [37 in] learned how to adress Katrina |
Tropical Storm Allison
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category 5
made landfall 8/29 6th strongest storm 3rd strongest landfall storm 175 mph wind 902 millibar |
Hurricane Katrina
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4th strongest storm
strongest tropical cyclone 180 mph wind 895 millibar C5 9/24/04 landfall |
Hurricane Rita
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Strongest storm EVER
C5 October 180 mph 882 mb |
Hurricane Willma
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