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419 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Hominid Characteristics
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Colloquial term for members of the family Hominidae, which includes all pipedal hominoids back to the divergence from African great apes
Large Brain Size Moderately encephalized brain case Incisors, thick molar enamal caps Bipedal Locamotion Toolmaking Behavior |
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Metazoa
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A kingdom that animals are in. Animals are a major group of multicellular animals that make up the major portion of the animal kingdom; cells are organized in layers or groups as specialized tissues or organ systems.
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Chordata
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The Phylum of the animal kingdom that includes vertebrates
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Vertebrates
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Animals with segmented bony spinal columns
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Homologies
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Similarities between organisms based on descent from a common ancestor
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Analogies
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Similarities between organismns based strictly on common function with no assumed common evolutionary descent
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Cladogram
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a diagram used in cladistics which shows ancestral relations between organisms
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Biological Species Concept
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A depiction of species as groups of individuals capable of fertile interbreeding but reproductilvely isolated from other such groups
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Genus
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A group of closely related species
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Species
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ne of the basic units of biological classification and a taxonomic rank. It is defined as a group of organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring
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Heterodont
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refers to animals which possess more than a single tooth morphology.
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Endothermic
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able to maintain internal body temperature by producing energy through metabolic processes within cells
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ICZN
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International Code of Zoolofical Nomenclature
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Prosimians
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Members of a suborder of Primates
(Lemurs, Lorises, and tarsiers) |
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Anthropoids
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Monkeys (New and Old World)
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Specialized [Function]
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unknown/could not find
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Primatologists
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Scientists who study the evolution, anatomy, and behavior of nonhuman primates
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Morphology
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The form (shape/size) of anatomical structures; can also refer to the entire organism
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Arboreal
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animals living in trees
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Adaptive Niche
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An organism's entire way of life; where it lives, how it eats, how it avoids predators, ect.
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Intelligence
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Mental Capacity; ability to learn, reason or comprehend and interpret information, facts, relationships, and meanings, ability to solve problems
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Arboreal Hypothesis
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points out that animals such as squirrels are also arboreal
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Midline
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the median line or median plane of the body or some part of the body of an animal.
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Cusps
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a point or pointed edge; a point
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Quadrupedal
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Using all four libs ti support the body during locomotion; the basic mammilian (and primate) form of locomotion
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Macaques
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constitute a genus of Old World monkeys of the subfamily Cercopithecinae.
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Brachiation
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a form of locomotion used by some primates; the animal suspends itself from a branch or other hand-hold and moves alternatevly swinging from one forelimb to the other; also called arm swinging
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Rhinarium
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The moisr hairless pad at the end of the nose, enhances ability to smell (NW)
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Callitrichidae
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a family that the Platyrrhines have traditionally been divided into along with Cebidae
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Cebidae
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a family that the Platyrrhines have traditionally been divided into along with Callitrichidae
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Ischial Callosities
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Patches of tough hard skin on the butt of Old WOld Monkeys and chimps
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Cercopithecidae
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All Old World Monkeys are placed in one taxonomic family
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Ceropithecines
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The subfamily of Old World Monkeys that include baboons
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Colobines
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Common name for memvers of the subfamily of Old World monkeys that includes the African colobus monkets and Asian langurs
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Sexual Dimorphism
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Differences in Physical Characteristics between males and females of the same species.
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Estrus
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comprises the recurring physiologic changes that are induced by reproductive hormones in most mammalian placental females. These cycles start after puberty in sexually mature females and are interrupted by anestrous phases or pregnancies. Typically continue until death.
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Hominoidea
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The formal designation for the superfamily of anthropoids that incudes apes and humans
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Hylobatidae
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The superfamily Hominoideaa includes the so-called lesser apes of this family.
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Pongidae
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they are referred to as the "great apes". This family contains 4 species:
Gorillas Chimps Orangutans Bonobos |
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Frugivorous
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Having a diet composed primarily of fruit
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Natal Group
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The group in which animals are born and raised.
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Limbs and Locomotion
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-A tendency toward an erect posture
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Erect Posture
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It is a derieved trait that all primares show to some degree. It's variously associated with sitting
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Flexibility
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This is an ancestral trait that primates have retained some bonans and certain abilitys that have been lost in more specialized animals. They are not restricted to one form of movement.
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Prehensility
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Grasping
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Pentadactyly
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the condition of having five digits (fingers or toes) on a limb
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Nails
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a horn-like envelop covering the dorsal aspect of the terminal phalanges of fingers and toes
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Opposable Thumb
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Most primares are capable of moving the thumb so that it opposes or comes in contact with the second digit
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Tactile Pads
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enriched with the sensory neerve fibers at the ends of digits. Enhances the sense of touch
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Diet and Teeth
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-Lack of Diertart Specialization
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Omnivorous
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Having a diet consisting of many food types
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Generalized Dentition
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The teeth aren't specialized for processing only one type of food
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Dental Formula
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number and types of teeth on each half of the jaw.
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Tool Making
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Unknown/Could not find
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Senses and Brain
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Primates rely heavily on vision and less on olfaction
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Diurnal
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Active during the day
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Nocturnal
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Active during the night
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Color Vision
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Characteristic of all diurnal primates
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Stereoscopic Vision
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The ability to percieve objects in
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Binocular Vision
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Vision characterized by overlapping visual fields provided by forward-facing eyes.
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Bilaterality of Vision
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unknown/cannot find
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Hemispheres
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Two halves of the cerebrum that are connected by a dense mass of fibers.
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3-D Vision
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The capacity for stereoscopic vision depends on each hemishpere of the brain recieving visual information from both eyes and from overlapping visual fields
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Olfaction
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The sense of smell
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Complexity
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General trend among placental mammals
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Matuaration
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Learning
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-greater dependence on flexible
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learned behavior
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Learned Behavior
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correlated with delayed maturation and subsequently longer periods of infant and child dependency on at least one parent
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Social
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Except for some nocturnal species
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Threat Yawns
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Unknown/Could not find
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Dominance
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Unknown/Could not find
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Matt Cartmill
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physical anthropologist & anatomist at Boston University
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Visual Predation Hypothesis
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argues that ancestral primates were insectivorous predators resembling tarsiers
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Lemur
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-large-eyed arboreal prosimian having foxy faces and long furry tail
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Tarsier
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Three species restricted to island areas in SE Asia. They live in a wide range of habitats. They are nocturnal insectivores
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New World Monkeys
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found in a wide range of arboreal enviroments throughout most forested area in Southern Mexico and Central and South America.
Callitrichidae Cenibidae |
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Old World Monkies
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they are the most widely distributed of all living primates
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Lesser Apes
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Gibbons are apes in the family Hylobatidae (pronounced /ˌhaɪlɵˈbeɪtɨdiː/). The family is divided into four genera based on their diploid chromosome number: Hylobates (44)
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Diane Fossey
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an American zoologist who undertook an extensive study of gorilla groups over a period of 18 years.
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Behavior
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Anything organisms do that involves action in response to internal or external stimuli. The response of an individual
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Free Ranging
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Pertaining to non-captive animals living in their natural habitat.
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Social Structure
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The composition, size, and sex ratio of a group of animals
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Behavior Ecology
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The study of the evolution of behavior, emphasizing the role of ecological factors as agents of natural selection
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Philopatric
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Remaining in one's natal group or home range as an adult
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Strategies
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Behaviors and behavioral complexes that have been favored by natural selection to increase individual reproductive fitness
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Sympatric
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Living in the same area; pertaining to two or more species whose habitats partly or largerly overlap
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Home Range
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Total area exploited by an animal or social group
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Conspecifics
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Members of the same species
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Dominance Hierarchies
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Systems of social organization wherein individuals within a group are ranked relative to one another
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Communication
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Any act that conveys information in the form of a message to another individual.
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Autonomic
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Pertaining to physiological responses not under voluntary control.
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Displays
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Sequences of repetitious behaviors that serve to communicate emotional states.
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Affiliative
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Pertaining to amicable associations between individuals. These include grooming
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Grooming
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Picking through gur to remove dirt, parasites, ect. common, reinforces social bond
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Reproductive Strategies
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The complex of behavioral patterns that contributes to individual reproductive success. The behaviors need not be deliberate
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K-Selected
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Pertain to an adaptive strategy whereby individuals produce relatively few offspring
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r-Selection
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Pertaining to an adaptive stategy that emphasizes relitively lage numbers of offspring and reduced parental care
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Sexual Selection
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A type of natural selection that operates on only one sex withing a species. It is th result of competition from mates
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Polyandry
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A mating sytem wherein a female continuously associates with more than one male
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Alloparenting
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A common behavior in many primate species whereby individuals other than the parent(s) hold, carry and interact with infants
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Lovejoy's Hypothesis
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full bipedalism developed in his response to the male's need to proviion female consurt since males hunted some distnces from their living area
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Baboon Model
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-Troops (10 - 200 animals)
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Geological Time Scale
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The organization of earth history into eras
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Era System
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the break up of the Geological time scale in large portions called Eras
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Continental Drift
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The movement of continents on sliding plates of the earth's surface.
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Pangea
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all continents linked together as one and it was called this
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Gondwanaland
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the continients that Laurasia doesn't cover
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Laursasia
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the northernmost of the two super continents after Pangaea broke up
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Gradualism Equalibrium
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change accumulates gradually in evolving lineages
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Punctuated Equilibrium
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The concept that evolutionary change proceeds through long periods of stasis punctuated by rapid periods of change
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Mosiac Evolution
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A pattern of evolution in which the rates of evolution in one functional system vary from those in other systems.
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Generalized Traits
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a trait that is adaptive for many functions
example: a generalized mammilian limb has 5 fairly flexible digits that is adaptive for many different things (grasping) |
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Paleoanthropology
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the branch of anthropology concerned with fossil hominids.
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Paleontology
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the branch of science concerned with fossil animals and plants.
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Archeology
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the study of human history and prehistory through the excavation of sites and the analysis of artifacts and other physical remains.
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Paleoecology
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the ecology of fossil animals and plants.
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Artifact
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objects or materials made or modified for use by hominids, earliest –stone, bone
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Context
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The enviromental setting where an archeological trace is found.
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Association
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"ultimate classification level" of ecological systems
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Dating Techniques
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placing sites and fossils into a time frame.
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Relative Dating
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tells that something is older or younger than something else
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Absolute Dating
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AKA Chronometic Dating
the process of determining an approximate computed age in archeology and geology |
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Stratigraphy
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Study of the sequential layering of deposits
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Biostratigraphy
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A relative dating technique based on regular changes seen in evolving groups of animals as well as presence or absence of particular species
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Fluorine Dating
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use of fluorine to determine the duration of time an object found in the soil has been there. It is a relative dating technique
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Radiocarbon Dating
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a radiometric dating method that uses the naturally occurring radioisotope carbon 14 to estimate the age of carbon-bearing materials up to about 58,000 to 62,000 years
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Fission Track Dating
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A method of dating an object that counts the number of tracks made by the breakdown of radiocarbon elements. The older an object is the more tracks it leaves. This method is used mostly on rocks
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Half Life
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The time period in which one half the amount of a radioactive isotope is converted chemically.
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Zeroing
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when rocks are heated to the melting point
when no more radioactive isotope is absorbed into an animal or substance |
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Plio-Pleistocene
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Pertaining to the Pliocene and the first half of the Plieostocene
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Sectorial
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Adapted for cutting or shearing; among primates
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Apidium
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that of at least three extinct primates living in the early Oligocene
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Aegyptopithecus zuxus
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means “linking Egyptian ape”. It was discovered by E. Simons in 1965. There is controversy over whether or not Aegyptopithecus should be a genus on its own or whether it should be moved into the genus Propliopithecus
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Proconsul africanus
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the first species of the Miocene-era fossil genus of primate to be discovered and was named by Arthur Hopwood
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Dryopithecus
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a genus of apes that is known from Eastern Africa into Eurasia the late Miocene period.
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Sivipithecus
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a genus of extinct primates. Fossil remains of animals now assigned to this genus
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Bipedal Adaption
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several hypothesis that attempted to explain why bipedal locomotion fisrt evolved in hominids.
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Large-Bodied Hominoids
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unkn
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Carbon Reservoir
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effective range of the time it can be used
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Bicuspid
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premolar teeth with 2 cusps. Traditional teeth located between canine and molar teeth
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Sagittal Crest
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presence indicated large jaw muscls for intense chewing. Ridge of bone between canine and molar teeth
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Nuchal Crest
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the thick, transverse crest on the occipital bone
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Sagittal Kneel
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Thickening of bone on the midline of the frontal or parietals where they meet along the sagittal suture
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Brain Endocast
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internal cast of a hollow object
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Robust Australopithecines
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Paranthropus - bipedal hominids that probably desceneded from gracile australopithicines
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Gracile Australopithecines
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hominids belonging to austropithecus genus. hominids. Now extinct
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osteodontokeratic
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theoretical construct of anthropologist Raymond Dart. Proposed that certain jagged animal bones found at the Makeepansgat site represent where Australopithecines murdered and cannabalized other Australopithecines
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Adaptive Radiation
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evolution of ecological and phenotypic diversity within a rapidly multiplying lineage.
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Phylogeny
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study of evolutionary relatedness among various groups of organisms (family tree concept)
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Stable Carbon Isotopes
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12C and 13C are stable carbon isotopes. Naturally occuring. Occur in a natural proportion of 99:1
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Flake Tool Industry
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making flakes struck off unmodified cores to create tools. Began during the lower paleoluthic period in Africa. Believe Homo Hablis was maker of the tools
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Oldowan tool industry
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found in olduvai Gorge on Tanzania in Africa
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Percussion Flaking
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Method of forming a tool flint by striking flakes from a stone corre with another stone or a peice of bone or wood
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Core
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a lump of stone (like flint) from which prehistoric humans struck flakes in order to make tools
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Flake tools
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a type of tool created by striking a flake from a prepared stone core
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Hammerstone
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hard cobble used to strike off flakes from another lump of tool stone (core) It is a type of flake tool
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Core tools
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Core of stone may be discarded after flaking or shaped further into a core tool
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Debitage
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all waste material produced during tool-making (specifically when chipped stone tools are involved)
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Pressure flaking
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method of trimming the edge of a stone tool by removing small lithic flakes by pressuring on the stone with a sharp instrument rather than striking it with a percussor
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Flaker
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type of tool used to create prehistoric tools in early stone working
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Baton
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using a pointed implement of wood
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Groundstone
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a category of stone tool formed by the grinding of a course-grained tool stone
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Oldowan Tool Traditions
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-stone tools used by hominins in Lower Paleolithic
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Acheulean Tool Traditions
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Lower paleolithic
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Mousetrian Tool Traditions
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predominantly flint tools
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Limitations
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wathering leading to the loss of argon gas
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Specialized Traits
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a trait that is limited to a narrow set of functions
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Anthropology
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field of inquiry that studies human culture and evolutionary aspects of human biology
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4 types of anthropology
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1. cultural anthro 2. archaeology 3. linguistics 4. physical anthro
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Holistic approach
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examines each aspect
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Archaeology
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cultural anthro in past, uses secondary evidence; artifacts
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Cultural
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examines family structures, trade, or other organizations and influences
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Linguistics
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Engages with culture to learn language examine pieces of sound syntax grammar and ability to communicate
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Physical
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study of human biology within framework of evolution and emphasis on interaction between biology and culture
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Primate studies
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study of non-human primates biology and behavior
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Human variation
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differences in the anatomical features between humans
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Human paleontology
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study of fossil humans
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Biocultural approach
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examines interaction of biology genetic makeup and culture
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Species concept
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depiction of species as groups of individuals capable of fertile inbreeding but reproductively isolated from other such groups
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Microevoltion
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change of gene frequencies within existing species
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Macroevolution
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Darwinian evolution changes; genetic material lost replaced by new material creates new species
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Scientific Method
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approach to research where problem is identified hypothesis stated then tested by collecting and analyzing data
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Perspective
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way you view things
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E Method
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empirical - characterized by experimentation
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Paradigm
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example - pattern - model
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Subject
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thing being tested
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Problem
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the thing being tested - some unanswered natural phenomenon
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Operationalization
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assessing need: how much an experiment will cost, what instruments are needed, ect
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Testing
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repetition or expansion of original work
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Theory
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broad statement of scientific relationships or underlying principles
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Hemple’s Paradigm
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the more plausible answers there are the less evidence there is for one specific answer
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Stages of development in the life cycle
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Zygote > Embryo > Fetus > Child
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Zygote
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fertilized cell
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Embryo
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differentiate and build, systems made, heart starts building, systems in place
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Fetus
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preborn child
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Child
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born - continues to grow and develop
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Juvenile
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continues to develop
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Cell structure
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Membrane *Cytoplasm *Lysosome *Ribosome
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Membrane
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part surrounding cell
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Cytoplasm
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liquid throughout largely water
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Lysosome
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breaks down waste of the cell
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Ribosomes
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structures composed of rRNA and protein. Ribosomes are found in the cytoplasm. essential to manufacture proteins
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Mitochondria
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structures contained within cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells
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Nucleus
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structure that contains chromosomes (DNA)
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DNA
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double stranded molecule that contains genetic code
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mRNA
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form of RNA that’s assembled on a sequence of DNA bases
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tRNA
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type of RNA that binds to specific amino acids and transports them to the ribosome during protein synthesis
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Codon
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three nucleotides put together which creates the code for amino acids
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Nucleotide
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Basic units of DNA molecule
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Replication
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to duplicate the DNA molecule is able to make copies of itself
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Amino acids
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small molecules, components of protein
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Polypeptide chain
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sequence of amino acids that act alone or in cobo with others as functional protein
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Protein Synthesis
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production of proteins
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Homologous
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pairs of chromosome pairs of the same length
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Autosomes
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chromosomes that are not sex chromosomes
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Sex chromosomes
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chromosomes that determine the sex of the baby (X or Y)
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Karyotype
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chromosomal complement of an individual
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Interphase
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the phase where the cell spends most of its time
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Prophase
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chromatin condenses into a highly ordered structure called a chromosome in which the chromatin becomes visible
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Metaphase
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condensed & highly coiled chromosomes, carrying genetic code, align in the middle of the cell before being separated into two daughter cells
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Anaphase
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when the cell separates
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Telophase
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nucleus forms in both cells and both cells fully separate
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Chromosome
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discrete structures composed of DNA and protein, found only in the nuclei
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Gene
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sequence of DNA bases that specifies the order of amino acids in an entire protein
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Locus
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codes position on a chromosome where given gene occurs
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Allele
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alternate forms of DNA, occur at the same locus but may reslut in different expression
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Mitosis
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simple cell division
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Meiosis
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cell division in specialized cells resulting in four daughter cells each with half the chromosomes
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Gametogenesis
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production of gametes
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Spermatogenesis
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process to form sperm
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Oogenesis
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process of forming ovum
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Gamete
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sex cell
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Somatic cell
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cells that form the body of an organism
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Karl Linne
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used Ray’s genus and species to establish binomial nomenclature
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Charles Darwin
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sailed on Beagle 1831-35, wrote Origin of Species (1859) argument elegant, developed natural selection
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Alfred Wallace
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(1823-1913) catalyst
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Charles Lyell
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(1797-1834) founder of modern geology
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Comte de buffon Natural History
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(1749) King’s gardener believed that when a group oforganisms migrated to new areas
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Jean Baptiste Lamarke
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(1744-1829) inheritance of acquired characteristics (use
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Georges Cuvier
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(1769-1832) catastrophism- earth’s geological landscape product of violent cataclysmic events
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Thomas Malthus
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(1766-1832) economic analysis of population and food supply
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Transmutation
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change from one species to another
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Fixity of species
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belief that life forms couldn’t and wouldn’t change
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Peppered moth experiment
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shows natural selection at work
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Natural Selection
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the process by which biological traits become more or less common in a population due to consistent effects upon the survival or reproduction of their bearers
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Reproductive success
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the passing of genes onto the next generation in a way that they can too pass those genes on
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Selective pressure
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any pressure that reduces reproductive success in a proportion of a population
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Fitness
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the ability to both survive and reproduce
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Darwin’s Evidence
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Finches- beak variation Domestic animal breeding- dogs
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Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny”
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is a hypothesis that in developing from embryo to adult, animals go through stages resembling or representing successive stages in the evolution of their remote ancestors
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Blending
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characteristics being a medium between the parents
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Hybrids
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offspring of individuals that differ with regard to certain traits
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Purebreds
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homozygous
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Positive assortative mating
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choosing mates that are similar
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Negative assortative mating
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choosing mates that are different
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Principles of segregation
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genes occur in pairs b/c chromosomes occur in pairs. During gamete formation, the members of each pair of separate alles separate so that each gamete contains one member of each pair. Full amount restored during fertilization
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Genotypes
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genetic makeup of an individual or alleles at a particular locus
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Phenotype
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observable or detectable physical characteristics of an organism
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Mendelian traits
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characteristics influenced by alleles at only one genetic locus
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Phenotypic ratio
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proportion of one phenotype to other phenotypes in that group of organisms (3 tall plants for every short on)
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Sickle cell anemia
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genetic disorder, malformed red blood cells
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PTC testing
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ability to taste PTC may be affected by more than one allele
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Antigens
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large molecules found on the surface of cells, several different loci govern various antigens on red and white blood cells (foreign antigens provoke an immune response
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Codominance
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the expression of two alleles in heterozygotes. In this situation neither is recessive or dominant
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Pedigree chart
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diagram showing family relationships, used to trace hereditary patterns of particular genetic traits
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Autosomal Dominant traits
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traits that are dominant and inherited through Autosomes
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Autosomal recessive traits
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traits that are recessive and inherited through Autosomes
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Sex linked traits
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controlled by genes located on the X and Y chromosomes
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G-6-PD
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lack of enzyme in blood cells; produces severe, sometimes fatal anemia in prescence of certain foods or drugs
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Hemophilia
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A- clotting factor is missing; B- caused by defective clotting factor. Produce abnormal internal and external bleeding; severe pain
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Hemizygus
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the X, single gene
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Polygenic
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traits that are influenced by genes at two or more loci (stature, skin/hair/eye color)
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Polygenic inheritance
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traits that are influenced by genes on 2 or more loci
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Pleiotropy
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situation that occurs when action of a single gene affects several seemingly unrelated phenotypic effects
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Mitochondrial inheritance
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inherited from mother, convert energy
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Variation (genetic)
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inherited differences among individuals
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Evolution
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Change in frequency of alleles from one generation to the next
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Allele frequency
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in pop. Percentage of all alleles at a locus accounted for by one specific allele
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Population
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a community of individuals where a mate is usually found
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Mutation
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when a gene is altered and allele changes to another
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Gene flow
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exchange of genes between populations
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Random genetic Drift
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allele frequency changes
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Founder effect
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genetic drift from small group to larger successive group
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Bottlenecking
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small group left to colonize
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Gene pool
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all available genes to a certain population
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Recombination
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can change allele composition and affect how some genes act
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Malaria-parasitic disease
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involves high fevers
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Plasmodium falciprium
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causes malaria by infecting cell
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Monogenist
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The theory that all humans are descended from a single pair of ancestor
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Polygenist
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One who maintains that animals of the same species have sprung from more than one original pair
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Blumenbach
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German anatomist who classified humans into five categories
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Retzius
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Swedish anatomist who developed Swedish anatomist
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Dolichocephalic
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long narrow heads
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Brachycephalic
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broad heads
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Biological determinism
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concept that phenomena including behavior were biologically governed
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Eugenics
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philosophy of race improvement
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Polytypic
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referring to species composed of populations that differ in the expression of more than one trait
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Racism
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a belief or doctrine that inherent differences among the various human races determine cultural or individual achievement
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Intelligence
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capacity for learning
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Polymorphism
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loci with more than one allele
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Cline
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gradual change in the frequency of genotypes and phenotypes from one geographical region to another
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Population geneticists
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study of the frequencies of alleles, genotypes and phenotypes in pop from microevolutionary perspective
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Genetic variation
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variation in alleles of genes occurring both within and among populations
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Breeding isolates
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populations that are clearly isolated geographically and/or cocially from other breeding groups
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Endogamy
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breeding within group
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Exogamy
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breeding outside of group
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Hardy Weinberg Formula
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p^2+2pq+q^2=1 –mathematical relationship expressing, under ideal conditions- the predicted distribution of alleles in populations
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Nonrandom mating
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patterns of mating in pop in which individual chooses mate preferentially
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Inbreeding
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type of nonrandom mating where relatives mate more often than predicted under random mating conditions
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Slash-and-burn agriculture
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created stagnant water increased mosquito pop and malaria infections
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Ex of balanced polymorphism
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maintenance- of two ro more alleles in a population due to the selective advantage of the heterozygote
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Lactose intolerance
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inability to digest fresh milk products
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Adaptation
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evolutionary process whereby a population becomes better suited to its habitat
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Stress
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in physiological context, any factore that distrupts homeostasis
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Homeostasis
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condition of balance or stability within a biological system, maintained by interaction of physiological mechanisms that compensate for changes (internal and external)
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Acclimatization
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physiological responses to changes in environment
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Plasticity
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describes the ability of an organism to change its phenotype in response to changes in the environment
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Solar radiation
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affects skin color
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Neural tube
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anatomical structure that turns into brain/spinal cord
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Spina Bifida
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condition where arch of one or more vertebrae refuse to fuse and form protective barrier around spinal cord
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Foliate (A B Vitamin)
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important to feal development and sperm and RBC formation
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Skin cancer
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the uncontrolled growth of abnormal skin cells
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UV radiation
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electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength shorter than a visible light, can cause sunburn and skin cancer
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Vitamin D
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essential for mineralization and normal growth of bones, deficiency causes rickets
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Reproductive hormone
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melatonin, helps determine when a woman starts to menstruate, the frequency and duration of menstrual cycles, and when a woman stops menstruating (menopause).
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Vasodilatation
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capillaries near skins surface widen, causing more heat to radiate
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Vasoconstriction
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narrowing of blood vessels to reduce blood flow to skin, causing more heat retention
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Bergman’s rule
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boy size tends to be greater in pop that live in colder environments
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Allen’s rule
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colder climates tend to have shorter appendages and inverse in warm climates
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Hypoxia
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caused by reduced barometric pressure, oxygen more spread out
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Infectious diseases
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transmitted person to person or through vector
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Vectors
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agents that transmit disease from one carrier to another
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Endemic
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Where disease naturally is found
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Zoonotic
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disease transmitted to humans through contact with animals
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Antibodies
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proteins produced by some types of immune cells
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Pathogens
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substances or microorganisms that cause disease (bacteria, fungi, viruses)
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HIV/AIDS
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pandemic, caused by contact with blood, semen, vaginal fluid, preseminal fluid, and breast milk
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SARS
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severe acute respiratory syndrome- zoonotic transmisiion
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Racial purity ideology
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eugenics, one race superior
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Valley fever
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in CA, arid environment, infects mammals, birds, amphibians, and fish
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Kuru
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transmitted through ritual cannibalism
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Epidemic
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passed around in broader contexts
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Measles
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contagious (easily spread) illness caused by a virus
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Smallpox
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serious and contagious disease that causes a rash on the skin
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Plague
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a severe and potentially deadly bacterial infection
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Pandemic
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global in nature
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Flu
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migrates very quickly
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Incidence rate
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rate of how many people actually get disease
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Prevalence rate
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rate expected to get disease based on past years
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Demographic shift
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a change in demographic statistics
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Tapeworm
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infection of the digestive tract by a parasite, from eating undercooked food
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Nutrition
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the provision, to cells and organisms, of the materials necessary (in the form of food) to support life
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Undernutrition
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lack of calories results in death
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Malnutrition
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lack of protein, vitamin, minerals
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Kwashiorkor
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lack of protein results in inability to repair cell walls
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Beri Beri
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lack of vitamin B
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Mineral
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naturally occurring solid chemical substance that is formed through geological processes and that has a characteristic chemical composition
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Mutagen
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chemical compounds that will cause genetic mutation
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Carcinogen
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cause cancer by damaging sections of DNA that control DNA growth
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Teratogen
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interferes with development of tissue systems, causes birth defects
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Plasticity
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describes the ability of an organism to change its phenotype in response to changes in the environment
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Metabolism
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chemical processes with cells that break down nutrients and release energy for the body to use
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Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)
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metabolic rate correlates to body size, smaller animal higher BMR
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Philopatric
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remaining in one’s natal group or home range as an adult
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Strategies
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Behaviors or behavioral complexes that have been favored by natural selection to increase individual reproductive fitness
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Sympatric
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living in the same area; pertaining to two or more species whose habitats overlap
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Home range
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total area exploited by an animal or social group
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Conspecifics
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members of the same species
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Communication
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any act that conveys information
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Thermoregulation
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vertical posture exposes less of the body to direct sun; increased distance from ground facilities cooling in increases exposure to breezes
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Visual surveillance
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standing upright provided better view of surrounding countryside (view of potential predators as well as other group members)
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Long distance walking
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covering long distances was more efficient for a biped than for a quadruped (during hunting or foraging); mechanical reconstructions show that bipedal walking is less energetically costly than quadrupedalism (this is not the case for bipedal running)
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Male provisioning
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males carried back resources to depended females and young
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Anatomy
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how the body is formed to create bipedalism
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Tool use
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how the hominid used tools
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Sahelanthropus tchadensis
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extinct hominid dated back to 7 MYA
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Orroin tugenensis
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extinct hominid species
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Ardipithecus ramidus
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early hominid dating back 4.4 MYA
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Kenyanthropus playtops
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3.5-3.2 MYA hominid species discovered by Mary Leakey
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Australopithecus amamensis
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4 MYA hominid species
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Australopithecus afarensis
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3.9-2.9 MYA
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Australopithecus africanus
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early hominid 2-3 MYA
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Australopithecus aethiopicus
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black skull
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Australopithecus robustus
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2-1.2 MYA
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Australopithecus boisei
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early hominid from 2.6-2.1 MYA
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Homo rudolfensis
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1.9 MYA
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Homo habilis
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2.3-1.4 MYA
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Raymond Dart
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anthropologist that is best known for finding Australopithecus africanus
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Robert Broom
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South African paleontologist, found Australopithecus africanus skull Mrs. Pleas and Australopithecus robustus skull
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Louis and Mary Leakey
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British archeologists, found many early hominid skulls
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Hominid Radiation
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Several hominid species living at same time and coexisting in some habitats -- Divergent specializations
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Prosimian radiation
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Eocene epoch, 60 genera might have lived at the same time
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Shatter
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pieces broken off
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Debitage
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waste material produced during percussion reduction and the production of chipped stone tools
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Olduvai
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a steep-sided ravine in the Great Rift Valley that stretches through eastern Africa
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Taung
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South African archeology site, place where the Taung child skull was found
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Swartcrans
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South African archeological site, Robert Broom’s site, limestone deposits
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Dmansi
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earliest fossil site of Homo erectus
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Dmansi site shows
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possible earlier form of home leaving Africa before
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Eugene Dubois
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(1858-1940)- discovered Java man –skull cap (900 cc’s) and femur
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Homo erectus from Java
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Early to Middle Pleistocene 1.6-1 million years old
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Zhoukoudian
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site where scientists found “dragon bones” Franz Weidenreich continued work
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Olduvai
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a steep-sided ravine in the Great Rift Valley that stretches through eastern Africa
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East Turkana
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archeological site in Kenya where Richard Leakey searched
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West Turkana
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archeological site in Kenya
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Bouri
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site of paleoanthropological excavations in the Awash River valley in the Afar region of Ehtipoia
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Europe
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Ceprano (900-800 ky) Gran Dolina (850-780 ky) Dmansi 1.75 mya
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Middle Pleistocene
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portion of Pleistocene epoch beginning 780
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Interglacials
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climactic intervals when continental ice sheets are retreating
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Glaciations
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Climactic intervals when ice sheets cover most of the northern continent
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Early hominids
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seem to have replaced areas exploited by homo erectus
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Complete Replacement Model
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developed Christopher Stringer and Peter Andrews (1988) proposes:
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The Regional Continuity Model: Multiregional evolution
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Associated with Milford Wilpoff
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Glaciations
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is an interval of time (thousands of years) within an ice age that is marked by colder temperatures and glacier advances
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Partial Replacement Models
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Follows previous theory but believes inbreeding happened between moderns and premoderns during migration
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Hominid Characteristics
(Limb and Locomotion) |
Erect posture-tendency toward erect posture, associated with sitting, leaping, standing (D)
Flexibility- allows for various locomotor behaviors (A) Prehensility- grasping ability (D) Pentadactyly- five fingers and toes (A) Nails- all primates have, except marmosets and tamarins, prosimians have one grooming claw (D) Opposable thumb- ability to move thumb to touch other fingers or palm (D) Tactile pads- sensory nerve fibers at end of digits (D) |
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Hominid Characteristics
(Diet and teeth) |
Omnivorious
Generalized Dentition Dental Formula |
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Hominid Characteristics
(Senses and Brain) |
Diurnal vs. Nocturnal
Stereoscopic vision Binocular Vision Olfaction Bilatterality of vision Hemispheres |
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Ritualized Behaviors
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behaviors removed from their original context, sometimes exaggerated
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