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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- grapheme =
- ex: |
- letter
- grapheme "o" -- "cod", "bone", "bough" |
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- diagraph =
- ex: |
- pair of letters that represent 1 sound. (Can be the same 2 letters or different 2 letters)
- "hOOt", "SHoe", "stEAk" |
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smallest meaningful unit of language =
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morpheme
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- allograph =
- ex: |
- diff. letter sequence/patterns that represent same sound
- lOOP, thrOUgh, thrEW, frUIt, canOE |
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- phoneme =
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- part of a group or family of similar speech sounds that are percieved within a language as being the same speech sound.
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Count the phonemes in:
- reed - comb - cough |
- 3
- 3 - 3 |
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Count the phonemes in:
- oh - lazy - frog |
- 1
- 4 - 4 |
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Count the phonemes in:
- spilled - thrill |
- 5
- 4 |
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- minimal pairs =
- ex: |
- words that vary by 1 PHONEME.
- look/book, hear/beer |
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- allophone =
- ex: |
- one of the sound variants/alternates within a phoneme that does not change meaning.
- the L's in "little" sound slightly diff. but same phoneme. |
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- onset =
- ID in: split, tried, fast |
- all consonants that preceed a vowel.
- SPLit, TRied, Fast |
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- rhyme =
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- nucleus + coda
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- nucleus =
- ID in: split, tried, fast |
- usually vowels
- splIt, trIEd, fAst |
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- coda =
- ID in: split, tried, fast |
- single consonants or consonant sound clusters after the nucleus.
- spliT, trieD, faST |
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- open syllables =
- ex: |
- end with a vowel phoneme.
- the, maybe |
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- closed syllabes =
- ex: |
- end with consonant phoneme
- had, keg, contain |
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- word stress =
- 2 types = |
- increased emphasis on one syllable in words with more than one syllable
- primary and secondary |
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- broad transcription =
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- transcription of speech that does not transcribe allophonic variation
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- narrow transcription =
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- diacritics
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phonetics =
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study of the production and perception of speech sounds
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Frequency, intensity, and duration of consonants/vowels =
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acoustic phonetics
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Perception of speech sounds (loudness, pitch, quality) =
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perceptual phonetics
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experimental phonetics =
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lab study of physiological, acoustic, and perceptual phonetics
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clinical phonetics =
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study and transcription of speech sound disorders
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Phonology:
- focuses on phonological rules that _____________. - how speech sounds are combined into ________, _______, & _________. |
- categorize speech sounds
- syllables, words, & sentences |
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What are the 6 branches of phonetics?
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- historical
- perceptual - acoustic - clinical - physiological - experimental |
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- What does IPA stand for?
- What is it? (2) - why do we have it? |
- International Phonetic Alphabet
- used to transcribe speech sounds; represents the sounds of words - allows for consistency among professionals |
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3 biological systems:
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- respiratory
- laryngeal - supralaryngeal |
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4 parts of supralaryngeal system:
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- pharynx
- oral cavity - nasal cavity - articulators |
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What happens during inhalation? (5)
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- thoracic cavity expands
- diaphragm contracts & lowers - external intercostal mm - sternum & rib cage raise - neg. pressure & air rushes in |
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What happens during exhalation? (4)
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- lungs deflate
- diaphragm relaxes & rises & returns to original position - rib cage becomes smaller (internal intercostals) - expulsion of air through trachea |
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Laryngeal system consists of: (5)
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- hyoid bone
- vocal folds - thyroid cartilage - arytenoid cartilages - cricoid cartilages |
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The larynx is attached inferiorly to the _________ and superiorly to the _________.
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- trachea
- hyoid bone |
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The hyoid has MUSCULAR attachment to _______ & ________.
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- mandible
- tongue |
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Vocal folds attach to front of ___________.
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- thyroid cartilage
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Each vocal fold attaches separately & posteriorly to ____________.
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- arytenoid cartilages
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Bernoulli effect =
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- aerodynamic principle; pulls vocal folds together.
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Supralaryngeal system also called:
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vocal tract
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3 major sections of pharynx:
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- laryngopharynx
- oropharynx - nasopharynx |
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Eustacian tubes
- fxn: - they connect the _________ to the ________. |
- equalize changes in air pressure
- nasopharynx; middle ear |
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During phonation:
- ______________. - pulses of air through _______. - __________ pressure pushes vocal folds apart. - pulses of air controlled by ______________. - air pulse collides with air in ___________. - collision sends _________ through vocal tract to ______. |
- vocal fold vibration
- pulses of air through glottis - subglottal pressure pushes vocal folds apart - pulses of air controlled by opening/closing of vocal folds - air pulse collides with air in vocal tract - collision sends vibrations through vocal tract to lips |
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Parts of tongue:
- tip is also called the ______. - immediately behind the tip is the _______. - "front" & "back" refer to: |
- apex
- blade - the body |
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Parts of the tongue:
- the entire tongue is called the ______. - the root is anterior to the ______ & attached to the ________. |
- dorsum
- pharynx; mandible |