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160 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Abduct
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(Image to the left) - When the vocal folds come apart to open the glottis, in order to let air flow freely and easily in and out of the lungs and through the larynx during breathing.
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Acoustic Cue
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The cues differentiate speech sounds belonging to different phonetic categories. For example, one of the most studied cues in speech is voice onset time or VOT. VOT is a primary cue signaling the difference between voiced and voiceless plosives, such as "b" and "p".
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Acoustic Phonetics
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Acoustic phonetics is a subfield of phonetics which deals with acoustic aspects of speech sounds.
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Acoustic Vowel Quadrilateral
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Overall acoustic vowel space used in a vowel quadrangle.
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Adduct
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(Right) - When the vocal folds come together to close the glottis to trap air in the lungs or to vibrate to produce vocal sound. Think of aDDing the vocal folds together to remember this term.
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Aerodynamic-myoelastic model
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The myoelastic theory states that when the vocal cords are brought together and breath pressure is applied to them, the cords remain closed until the pressure beneath them—the subglottic pressure—is sufficient to push them apart, allowing air to escape and reducing the pressure enough for the muscle tension recoil to pull the folds back together again. Pressure builds up once again until the cords are pushed apart, and the whole cycle keeps repeating itself. The rate at which the cords open and close—the number of cycles per second—determines the pitch of the phonation.
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Ambisyllabic
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(of a single speech sound or cluster) shared phonetically by two contiguous syllables, as the single n -sound of any or the pl -cluster of grappling.
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Amplitude
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In the description of a sine wave, the maximum distance that a vibrating particle moves is called the amplitude of the wave. The greater the force which produces the movement of the particle, the greater the amplitude of its displacement, and the louder the resulting sound.
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Antiformant
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The articulation of nasal sounds creates antiresonances within the vocal tract. These antiresonances or antiformants are frequency regions in which the amplitudes of the source signal are attenuated because the nasal cavities absorb energy from the sound wave. The effects of these antiformants are more marked in nasal consonants than in nasal or nasalized vowels because consonants are articulated with a complete occlusion of the oral cavity.
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Aperioodic
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the vibration of an oral articulator like the tongue found in alveolar trills. Aperiodic sound sources are the turbulent noise of fricative consonants and the short-noise burst of plosive releases produced in the oral cavity.
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Arytnoid Cartilages
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(pronounced ah-RIHT-uh-noid) cartilages - These sit atop the back of the cricoid cartilage and hold the back end of the vocal folds. The arytenoid cartilages can rock, glide, and pivot, thus controlling the movement of the vocal folds.
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Aspiration
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articulation accompanied by an audible puff of breath, as in the h -sound of how, or of when (hwen), or in the release of initial stops, as in the k -sound of key.
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Audiogram
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a graph which showing absolute threshold for pure tones as a function of frequency.
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Bark Scale
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Bark and Mel scales used to measure frequency and pitch.
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Bernoulli Effect
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is an aerodynamic principle involved in vibration of the vocal folds.
Air pressure from the lungs opens the glottis during each vibration. The folds come together again during each vibration because of their inherent elasticity and the sudden pressure drop between the folds as the air streams through the open glottis. |
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Breath Groups
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The syntactical pauses in sentences or spoken word.
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Breathy Voice/Phonation
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is normally regarded as a compound phonation type (voiceless+modal). Muscular tension is low, with minimal aDDuctive tension, weak medial compression and medium longitudinal tension of the vocal folds.
Vocal fold vibration is inefficient and, because of the incomplete closure of the glottis, a constant glottal leakage occurs which causes the production of audible friction noise. Air flows through the vocal folds at a high rate. The vibrations' frequency of is just below the value typical of the modal voice. |
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Categorical Perception
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enables listeners to focus on distinctive acoustic features in speech. Example: the difference between the phonemes /d/ and /t/ in 'bead' and 'beat'
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Co-Articulation
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is the adjustment of a sound to its environment.
Example: in Dutch koel, kaal, kiel the phoneme /k/ is articulated each time differently, depending on the quality of the following vowel. |
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Cochlea
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a spiral-shaped cavity forming a division of the internal ear in humans and in most other mammals.
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Contrastive Stress
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Giving an unusually strong stress to a syllable as to avoid ambiguity or possible confusion, which determines the meaning of the utterance.
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Creaky Voice/Phonation
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This is where there is double pulsing occurring in the vocal folds, and there is it very tense and every movement of the folds can be physically felt.
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Cue
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A phonemic cue is a prompt that contains phonemic information, and is given to facilitate word retrieval.
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Cue Redundancy
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Where more information is needed to distinguish phonetic events.
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Modal Phonation
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Creaky Phonation
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Breathy Phonation
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Damping
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The reduction in amplitude of energy (intensity) of a vibrating system; sound waves get heard less and less through several obsticals.
Apartment 2B can hear Apartment 2A's operatic signing, but apartment 2C cannot hear apartment 2A's signing and nor can they hear apartment 2B's complaints because all sounds are 'dampened' but the walls. |
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Decibel
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The measurement (dB) used to measure the intensity of a sound wave which is perceived as loudness.
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Diphthong
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An unsegmentable, gliding speech sound varying continuously in phonetic quality but held to be a single sound or phoneme and identified by its apparent beginning and ending sound, as the oi- sound of toy.
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Emphasis
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Primary type of suprasegmentals, new information versus old information
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Equal Loudness Contour
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.
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Falsetto Phonation
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Head voice, frequency of vibrations is higher than in modal voice.
Vocal folds are stretched longitudinally (relatively thin) and vibrating mass is smaller and a higher tone is generated. The aDDuction of the folds is high and is tense. |
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Filter
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Sound is filtered through different objects and physical obstacles; think of a colander.
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Formant
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Specific frequencies associated with vowels that are used to distinguish vowels between each other, in a Spectogram
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Frequency
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# of cycles a sound wave completes.
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Fundemental Frequency (F0)
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The frequency of vibrations of the vocal folds.
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Gemination
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double consonant in two syllables; extra long consonants. (i.e. 'Nono' in Italian)
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Glottal Pulse
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Variances in voice quality affected by the manipulation of the folds of the vocal cords when speaking.
Mechanics: produced by a flap of tissue in the region of the vocal cords and the gap between them, which is jointly referred to as the glottis. Collectively, all of these areas form the vocal tract. The frequency produced in the glottal pulse results from the vibration of the vocal cords resonating against the larynx. This creates a buzz or hum that lends a distinctive quality to the voice of each individual. |
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Glottal Stops
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A consonant formed by the audible release of the airstream after complete closure of the glottis.
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Harmonic
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All the other frequencies that are NOT the fundamental frequency (F0).
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Hearing Threshold
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The absolute threshold of hearing (ATH) is the minimum sound level of a pure tone that an average ear with normal hearing can hear with no other sound present. (Blue line)
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Threshold of Pain
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The threshold well above the hearing threshold where it becomes painful to hear. Important because may signal alarm or danger (i.e. fire alarms, car honking, etc.)
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Hertz (Hz)
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Unit used to measure frequency.
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Implosive
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Airstream is controlled by moving the glottis downward in addition to expelling air from the lungs. (e.g. ejective consonants)
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Infrasound
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Sound that is lower in frequency than 20 Hz (Hertz) or cycles per second, the "normal" limit of human hearing; also known as low-frequency-sound.
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Intonation
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Variation of spoken pitch that is not used to distinguish words
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Intonation Language
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The way in which the level of the voice changes in order to add meaning to what is being said.
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Jucture
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A suprasegmental phonemic cue, a means by which a listener can distinguish between two otherwise identical sequences of sounds that have different meanings.
means by which a listener can distinguish between two otherwise identical sequences of sound that have different meanings. examples: "an aim" vs. "a name" or "that stuff" vs. "that's tough" |
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Larynx
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The voice box. The vocal folds are part of the larynx. The vocal folds vibrate to create the sound of the voice.
Anatomy of the Larynx: (top-down) Cricoid, thyroid cartillage, arytenoid, vocal folds, glottis, epiglottis, and hyoid bone. |
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Length
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Is a matter of duration time not quality.
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Levels of Stress
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Primary (é) , Secondary (à) , Tertiary (ô) , and weak (no symbol).
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Lexeme
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sometimes used in the same sense as lexical item, i.e. an expression that is not transparently derivable from more elementary expressions.
Examples: In addition to words (in particular lexemes in the sense of sets of word-forms), idioms such as kick the bucket are also lexemes in this sense. |
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McGurk Effect
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effect is the effect experiences when a subject's perception of a speech sound is influenced by the sight of a different sound being produced. It is named after Harry McGurk who discovered it along with John MacDonald in 1976.
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Medium
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.
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Middle Ear
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.
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Modal Voice/Phonation
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The neutral mode of phonation is modal voiced phonation. In the normal case the vibration of the vocal folds is periodic with full closing of glottis, so no audible friction noises are produced when air flows through the glottis. All muscular adjustments are on a moderate level and the frequency of vibration, as well as loudness are in the lower to mid part of the range normally used in conversation. The modal phonation of a male speaker occcurs at an average of 120 Hz, while for a female speaker it is approx. 220 Hz.
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Narrow-band Spectogram
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.
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Nasal Formant
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anti-formant, resonant frequencies which occur in the nasal tract (nasalized vowels) 30Hz, N1, N2, N3...
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Octave
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Each doubling of the fundamental frequency is one octave. For the auditory organs, the difference between 100 and 200 Hz is equally large as that between 1000 and 2000 Hz, and therefore differences in fundamental frequency are often expressed in octaves.
Half a frequency is a double octave. |
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*Odd-Quarter Wavelength
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The odd quarter wavelengths are part of the sound wave that have to match the length of the tube.
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Oscillation (of particles/molecules)
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to swing backward and forward like a pendulum, up and down movements of sound waves
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Pause
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pauses in speech,
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Phon Scale
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Phon and Sone scales are used to measure loudness, amplitude of sound :. force and energy
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Phonation
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Phoneme Stress
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Phrasal Stress
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Pitch
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Presbycusis, Presbyacusis
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Old age hearing loss
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Prevoicing
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+VOT
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Primary Stress
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.
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Prolongation
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extending
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Prominence
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umbrella term to indicate that a segment or a group of segments or a group of segments in made to stand out from others.
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Propagation
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Prosodic
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prosodic domain: suprasegmental
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Prosody
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In phonetics, the use of pitch, loudness, tempo, and rhythm in speech to convey information about the structure and meaning of an utterance.
stress, intonation, rhythm |
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Psychoacoustics
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.
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Rate
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casual: 12 segments per second
excited: 20 segments per second |
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Reduced Vowel
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Shorter in duration and tends to have a less distinctive quality.
-> unstressed syllables the tongue movements tend to be more relaxed and not to arrive at the articulatory positions. |
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Reduction
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vowels reduce to schwa.
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Resonance
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sound of vocal chords travelling through tubes and cul-de-sac resonators, and laterality.
Max oscillation for minimum output |
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Rhythm
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the melody of speech
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Secondary Stress
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.
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Segmentation
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Process of any discrete unit that can identify either physically or auditorily in the stream of speech.
deviding into segments bam bam bam am |
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Short Lag
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-VOT
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Sound (energy)
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.
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Sound Wave
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up and down
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Source Filter Theory
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Sound production by vocal tract can be understood by analogy to a wind or brass instrument; two fundamental processes need to be distinguished (sound generation or source, sound shaping or filtering)
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Spectogram
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.
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Spectographic Analysis
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Speech Acoustics
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Stress
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Primary type of suprasegmentals; not an accent; an accentuation of or a given prominence to one syllable of a polysyllabic word.
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Stress ( Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Unstressed)
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Stress-timed/Syllable-timed
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Stress timed: English
Syllable timed: French |
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Supraglottal
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Suprasegmental
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Treshold
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Syllable Juncture
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Threshold of Hearing
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Threshold of Pain
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Timing (Stress, Syllable, Rate, Pause)
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Primary type of suprasegmentals
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Tone; Tone Language
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Primary type of suprasegmentals
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Tone Sandhi
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Tone 2 will sound like tone 3 but not tone 1? Accross word boundaries.
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Transglottal Airflow
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Transmission
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Transmittal Quality
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Modification. Provides information that is relative to the perspective of the talker.
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Turbulent
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Tympanic Membrane (ear drum)
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Up-talk
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end all sentences w/ a question intonation.
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Visual Cues
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.
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Voice Onset Time (VOT)
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The interval between the release of a stop and the start of a following vowel.
English VOT: 50 - 60 ms for 'k', and slightly less for 'p' and 't'. |
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Voice Quality
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creaky, breathy, modal
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Voice/Phonation
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Voicing Lag
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Voicing Lead
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Wavelength
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Weak Form
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Whisper Phonation
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Whisper phonation (Fig.6) is characterized by a triangular opening of the cartilaginous glottis (the shape of an inverted Y). Adductive tension is very low and medial compression, as well as longitudinal tension, are moderately high.
Whisper sound quality is produced through turbulences generated by the friction of the air in and above the larynx with vocal folds not vibrating. |
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Wide-band Spectogram
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.
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Heightened Supraglottal Air Pressure
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a momentarily heightened pressure of air coming from the lungs.
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Phonetic Prominence
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Playing a role in stress
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DIACRITICS
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ALL THE FOLLOWING CARDS WILL BE ON DIACRITICS!
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DIACRITICS | Category: Syllabicity & Releases
Syllabic |
n̩ ɹ̩
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DIACRITICS | Category: Syllabicity & Releases
Non- Syllabic |
e̯ ʊ̯
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DIACRITICS | Category: Syllabicity & Releases
(Pre)aspirated |
tʰ ʰt
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DIACRITICS | Category: Syllabicity & Releases
Nasal Release |
dⁿ
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DIACRITICS | Category: Syllabicity & Releases
Lateral Release |
dˡ ; d w/ superscript lowercase L
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DIACRITICS | Category: Syllabicity & Releases
No Audible Release |
t̚ (with top bar and small tail forward pointing down)
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DIACRITICS
Lowered |
e̞ β̞
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DIACRITICS | Category: Phonation
Voiceless or Slack Voice |
n̥ d̥(with subscript small unfilled circle in center of each)
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DIACRITICS | Category: Phonation
Modal Voice or Stiff Voice |
s̬ d̬(with subscript lower case 'v' symbol underneath each)
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DIACRITICS | Category: Phonation
Breathy Voice |
n̤ a̤(with two subscript dots side to side under each)
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DIACRITICS | Category: Phonation
Creaky Voice |
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DIACRITICS | Category: Phonation
Stident |
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DIACRITICS | Category: Phonation
Linguolabial |
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DIACRITICS | Category: Primary Articulation
Dental |
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DIACRITICS | Category: Primary Articulation
Apical |
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DIACRITICS | Category: Primary Articulation
Laminal |
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DIACRITICS | Category: Primary Articulation
Advanced |
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DIACRITICS | Category: Primary Articulation
Retracted |
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DIACRITICS | Category: Primary Articulation
Centralized |
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DIACRITICS | Category: Primary Articulation
Raised |
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DIACRITICS | Category: Secondary Articulation
Labialized |
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DIACRITICS | Category: Secondary Articulation
Palatalized |
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DIACRITICS | Category: Secondary Articulation
Velarized |
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DIACRITICS | Category: Secondary Articulation
Pharyngealized |
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DIACRITICS | Category: Secondary Articulation
Velarized or Pharyngealized |
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DIACRITICS | Category: Secondary Articulation
Mid-Centralized |
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DIACRITICS | Category: Secondary Articulation
More rounded |
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DIACRITICS | Category: Secondary Articulation
Less Rounded |
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DIACRITICS | Category: Secondary Articulation
Nasalized |
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DIACRITICS | Category: Secondary Articulation
Rhoticity |
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DIACRITICS | Category: Secondary Articulation
Advanced Tongue Root |
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DIACRITICS | Category: Secondary Articulation
Retracted Tongue Root |
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Cricoid
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(rhymes with "thyroid") cartilage - As the top ring of the trachea, the cricoid cartilage is shaped like a signet ring, wider in the back than the front.
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Thyroid cartilage
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the thyroid cartilage fits over the cricoid cartilage, and is hinged so that it can slightly rock forward and downward. The thyroid cartilage comes to a point in the front; this point is termed the thyroid notch, but is commonly called the Adam's Apple. The vocal folds (also called vocal cords; refer to our explanation to clarify this terminology) attach at the inside of the thyroid notch.
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Vocal Folds (Vocal Cords)
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These remarkable structures provide a valve for the airway and also vibrate to produce the voice. The vocal folds are multilayered structures, consisting of a muscle covered by a mucosal covering.
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Glottis
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This is the space between the two vocal folds. When the vocal folds adduct, the glottis closes; when the vocal folds abduct, the glottis opens. The adjectives "glottal" and "glottic" are used to describe many aspects of vocal fold movement. The glottis opens and closes during vibration. Refer to the corresponding pictures.
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Epiglottis
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This soft cartilage serves as part of the protective swallowing mechanism. It folds backward over the glottis during a swallow so that food and water do not go into the lungs. It is not involved in normal voice production.
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Hyoid Bone
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(rhymes with "thyroid") - This horseshoe-shaped bone is positioned slightly above the thyroid cartilage and is the only bone in the body not connected to any other bone. The hyoid bone provides the attachment for many of the muscles of the tongue, jaw, and neck.
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