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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Euphemism
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(Not a fallacy)
A neutral or positive expression instead of one that carries negative attitudes. |
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Dysphemism
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(Not a fallacy)
Produce a negative effect on the reader/listener's attitude towards something or to tone down the positive associations it might have. |
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Weasler
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(Not a fallacy)
Protect a claim from criticism by watering it down somewhat, weakening it, and going the claim's author a way out in case the claim is challenged. |
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Downplayer
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(Not a fallacy)
An attempt to make someone or something look less important or less significant. |
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Stereotype
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(Not a fallacy)
A generalization or an assumption about all the members of a group that is based on an image of those in the group. |
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Innuendo
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(Not a fallacy)
Enables us to insinuate something deprecatory without actually saying it. |
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Loaded question
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(Not a fallacy)
Questions that depend on unwarranted assumptions. |
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Ridicule/Sarcasm
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(Not a fallacy)
Language used to put something in a bad light. |
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Hyperbole
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(Not a fallacy)
Dramatic overstatement |
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Rhetorical definitions
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Use emotively charged language to express or elicit an attitude about something. (to define)
i.e. defining abortion as "the murder of an unborn child" |
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Rhetorical explanations
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Use emotively charged language to express or elicit an attitude about something. (to explain)
i.e. "He lost the fight because he's lost his nerve" |
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Rhetorical analogy
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A comparison of two things or a likening of one thing to another in order to make one of them appear better or worse than it might be.
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Proof surrogate
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(Not a fallacy)
An expression used to suggest that there is evidence or authority for a claim without actually citing such evidence or authority. |
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Repetition
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(Not a fallacy)
Hearing/reading a claim over and over can sometimes mistakenly encourage the belief that it's true. |
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Argument from outrage
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(Fallacy)
Consists of inflammatory words followed by a "conclusion" of some sort. |
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Scapegoating
(type of argument from outrage) |
(Fallacy)
Blaming a certain group of people, or even a single person, for all of life's troubles. |
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Scare tactic
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(Fallacy)
Trying to scare people into doing something or accepting a position. |
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Argument by force
(type of scare tactic) |
(Fallacy)
Threatening the person into accepting a position. |
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Argument from pity
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(Fallacy)
When feeling sorry for someone drives us to a position on an unrelated matter. |
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Argument from envy
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(Fallacy)
Finding fault with a person or some position the person takes because of envy. |
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Apple polishing
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(Fallacy)
The use of flattery to encourage someone to accept a claim. |
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Guilt trip
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(Fallacy)
Trying to get someone to accept a claim by making them feel guilty about it. |
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Wishful thinking
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(Fallacy)
Accepting a claim because you want it to be true, or rejecting it because you don't want it to be true. |
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Peer Pressure
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(Fallacy)
Threatened with rejection by friends/relatives/etc., if you don't accept a certain claim. |
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Groupthink fallacy
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(Fallacy)
Occurs when someone lets identification with a group cloud reason and deliberation when arriving at an issue. |
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Nationalism
(type of groupthink fallacy) |
(Fallacy)
A powerful and fierce emotion that can lead to blind endorsement of a country's policies and practices. |
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Red herring
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(Fallacy)
Distract reader/listener by pulling one's attention away from one topic toward another. |
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Smoke screen
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(Fallacy)
Distract reader/listener by piling issues or to make them extremely complicated until the original is lost in the "smoke". |
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Appeal to popularity
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(Fallacy)
Urging someone to accept a claim simply on the grounds that all/most/a substantial number of people believe it. i.e. "everyone knows that..." |
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Appeal to common practice
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(Fallacy)
Trying to defend of justify an action/practice on the grounds that it is common. i.e. "everyone does it..." |
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Appeal to tradition
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(Fallacy)
Trying to convince someone that a claim is true on the basis of tradition. |
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Rationalizing
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(Fallacy)
Using a false pretext in order to satisfy our desires or interests. |
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Two wrongs make a right
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(Fallacy)
"It's acceptable for A to do X to B because B would do X to A", said where A's doing X to B is not necessary to prevent B's doing X to A. |
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Personal attack ad hominem
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(Fallacy)
Thinking a person's defects refute their beliefs. |
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Inconsistency ad hominem
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(Fallacy)
Thinking a person's inconsistencies refute their beliefs. |
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Circumstantial ad hominem
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(Fallacy)
Thinking a person's circumstances refute their beliefs. |
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Poisoning the well
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(Fallacy)
Encouraging others to dismiss what someone WILL say, by using unfavourable information. |
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Genetic fallacy
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(Fallacy)
Thinking that the origin or history of a belief refutes it. |
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Straw man
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(Fallacy)
Occurs when a speaker/writer distorts/exaggerates/misrepresents an opponent's position. |
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False dilemma
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(Fallacy)
Erroneously narrowing down a range of alternatives; saying that we have to accept X or Y (omitting the Z option). |
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Perfectionist fallacy
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Arguing that if a solution does not solve a problem completely and perfectly, it should not be adopted at all.
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Line-drawing fallacy
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Insisting that a line must be drawn at some precise point when in fact it is not necessary that such a line be drawn. (Usually occurs when a vague concept is treated like a precise one)
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Slippery slope
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(Fallacy)
"If we let X happen, the first thing you know, Y will happen" or "We let X happen, now we have to let Y happen." |
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Misplacing the burden of proof
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(Fallacy)
Occurs when the burden of proof is placed on the wrong side of an issue. |
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Begging the question
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(Fallacy)
When we ask our audience to accept premises that are as controversial as the conclusion we're arguing for and that are controversial on the same grounds. ("circular" argument) |