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92 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Subjective relativism
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opinion, true based on the individual subject
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Objective truth
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universally truth, something that holds to every on as a truth
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Objective truth
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factual true
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Ethical objectivism
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are objective moral standards/truths
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Ethical relativism
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denies that there are any objective oral values
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two types of ethical relativism
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1) subjective relativism
2) cultural relativism |
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Subjective Relativism
(ethical subjectivism) |
moral clams have to be assessed in relation to the individual
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Cultural relativism
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moral clams have to assessed in relation to a particular society
an individual can be mistaken if they are out of the culture/society's view of the moral view |
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Subjectivism
(subjective relativism,ethical subjectivism) |
believe that everyone is right all the time
"an act is right if and only if one is sincerely believes it to be right" |
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Concerns for subjectivism
(problems) |
1) if subjectivism is true it leave no room for moral debate, is based on personal opinion, no room for debate because it is an opinion.
2) Reduces morality to matters of taste 3) Entails moral infallibility,says can not be morally mistaken, if one believes what he is saying. |
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Subjective relativism
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holds that moral claims have to be assessed in relation to an individual
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Cultural relativists
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holds that moral claims have to be assessed in relation to a particular culture, admit that individual persons can be mistaken about their moral judgments.
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Moral intuitions
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when actions appear to be morally good or morally wrong
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Moral principles
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are general rules that allow us to classify any action as morally good or morally wrong.
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Problems with cultural relativism
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1) no culture has the right to assert that their cultural practices are superior to those of any other.
2) cannot explain the influence of moral critics. |
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Subjective relativism
|
opinion, true based on the individual subject
|
|
Objective truth
|
universally truth, something that holds to every on as a truth
|
|
Objective truth
|
factual true
|
|
Ethical objectivism
|
are objective moral standards/truths
|
|
Ethical relativism
|
denies that there are any objective oral values
|
|
two types of ethical relativism
|
1) subjective relativism
2) cultural relativism |
|
Subjective Relativism
(ethical subjectivism) |
moral clams have to be assessed in relation to the individual
|
|
Cultural relativism
|
moral clams have to assessed in relation to a particular society
an individual can be mistaken if they are out of the culture/society's view of the moral view |
|
Subjectivism
(subjective relativism,ethical subjectivism) |
believe that everyone is right all the time
"an act is right if and only if one is sincerely believes it to be right" |
|
Concerns for subjectivism
(problems) |
1) if subjectivism is true it leave no room for moral debate, is based on personal opinion, no room for debate because it is an opinion.
2) Reduces morality to matters of taste 3) Entails moral infallibility,says can not be morally mistaken, if one believes what he is saying. |
|
Subjective relativism
|
holds that moral claims have to be assessed in relation to an individual
|
|
Cultural relativists
|
holds that moral claims have to be assessed in relation to a particular culture, admit that individual persons can be mistaken about their moral judgments.
|
|
Moral intuitions
|
when actions appear to be morally good or morally wrong
|
|
Moral principles
|
are general rules that allow us to classify any action as morally good or morally wrong.
|
|
Problems with cultural relativism
|
1) no culture has the right to assert that their cultural practices are superior to those of any other.
2) cannot explain the influence of moral critics. 3) support their position by pointing to the great variety of moral code that can be found across different cultures. |
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Ethno centrism
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culture is right no one else is correct
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reasons cultural realism can be attractive
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1)
2) environment plays a big roll in who we become |
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Concerns for Cultural realism
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1) does not necessarily advance cooperation among cultures
2) cannot explain the influence of moral critics. |
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Moral Critic
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is critical of their society, going against the grain, change things for the better.
(Jesus, Martin Luther King, ect would have been considered wrong for their time, but brought about positive change in society) 3) tolerance |
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Anthropological arguments
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1) different cultures live according to very different moral standards
2) if there were any universal moral standard that holds for all cultures, than different cultures would live according to similar moral standards. |
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Divine Command Theory
(religion based) |
an act is right if is in harmony with God's commands
an act is wrong if it goes against God's will |
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Theistic views of God are
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omnipotent
omniscient omni benevolent |
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Omnipotent
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all powerful
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Omniscient
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all knowing
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Omni benevolent
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all good
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Abranamic Religions
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Islam
Christianity Judaism |
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If there is no God than
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everything is permitted
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Religion is not necessary to morality, but morality is necessary to Religion
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if basing morality on the one of the 3 major religions, your morals are basically stable, making it easier to deal with your problems
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Concerns with the Divine command Theory
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1) how do we know these commands are (epistemic problems)
2) interpretation 3) does this view make morality arbitrary |
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"morality right" is same thing as
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Commanded by God
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Utilitarianism
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consequence based theory
Motive, act, consequences the consequences are the result that the what they are looking for. |
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Utilitarianism
a kind of consequentialism |
1) human happiness is the ultimate moral good
2) actions should be assessed in the light of their consequences |
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Fathers of utilitarianism both were British
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Jeremy Bentham
John Stuart Mill |
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The Greatest Happiness principle
(the idea applies to the moral theory) |
"actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness: wrong as they end to produce the reverse of happiness"
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Utilitarianism's Moto
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Maximize happiness Minimize suffering
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Divine Command Theory
(religion based) |
an act is right if is in harmony with God's commands
an act is wrong if it goes against God's will |
|
Theistic views of God are
|
omnipotent
omniscient omni benevolent |
|
Omnipotent
|
all powerful
|
|
Omniscient
|
all knowing
|
|
Omni benevolent
|
all good
|
|
Abranamic Religions
|
Islam
Christianity Judaism |
|
If there is no God than
|
everything is permitted
|
|
Religion is not necessary to morality, but morality is necessary to Religion
|
if basing morality on the one of the 3 major religions, your morals are basically stable, making it easier to deal with your problems
|
|
Concerns with the Divine command Theory
|
1) how do we know these commands are (epistemic problems)
2) interpretation 3) does this view make morality arbitrary |
|
"morality right" is same thing as
|
Commanded by God
|
|
Utilitarianism
|
consequence based theory
Motive, act, consequences the consequences are the result that the what they are looking for. |
|
Utilitarianism
a kind of consequentialism |
1) human happiness is the ultimate moral good
2) actions should be assessed in the light of their consequences |
|
Fathers of utilitarianism both were British
|
Jeremy Bentham
John Stuart Mill |
|
The Greatest Happiness principle
(the idea applies to the moral theory) |
"actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness: wrong as they end to produce the reverse of happiness"
" when we ought to do, in maximizing happiness it is all concerned that will be effected by the action of the person" |
|
Utilitarianism's Moto
|
Maximize happiness Minimize suffering
|
|
Divine Command Theory
(religion based) |
an act is right if is in harmony with God's commands
an act is wrong if it goes against God's will |
|
Theistic views of God are
|
omnipotent
omniscient omni benevolent |
|
Omnipotent
|
all powerful
|
|
Omniscient
|
all knowing
|
|
Omni benevolent
|
all good
|
|
Abranamic Religions
|
Islam
Christianity Judaism |
|
If there is no God than
|
everything is permitted
|
|
Religion is not necessary to morality, but morality is necessary to Religion
|
if basing morality on the one of the 3 major religions, your morals are basically stable, making it easier to deal with your problems
|
|
Concerns with the Divine command Theory
|
1) how do we know these commands are (epistemic problems)
2) interpretation 3) does this view make morality arbitrary |
|
"morality right" is same thing as
|
Commanded by God
|
|
Utilitarianism
|
consequence based theory
Motive, act, consequences the consequences are the result that the what they are looking for. |
|
Utilitarianism
a kind of consequentialism |
1) human happiness is the ultimate moral good
2) actions should be assessed in the light of their consequences |
|
Fathers of utilitarianism both were British
|
Jeremy Bentham
John Stuart Mill |
|
The Greatest Happiness principle
(the idea applies to the moral theory) |
"actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness: wrong as they end to produce the reverse of happiness"
" when we ought to do, in maximizing happiness it is all concerned that will be effected by the action of the person" |
|
Utilitarianism's Moto
|
Maximize happiness Minimize suffering
|
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Hedonism (Epicureanism)
(will be on test) |
Pleasure is the only thing that is intrinsically good
(intrinsically good means:can never be bad, and is good in its self |
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Intrinsic good
VS Instrumental good (the way Hedonist would say it) |
Intrinsic good=good in itself
Instrumental good=not good in itself but tends to lead to intrinsic good |
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Intrinsic Good
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Good in itself
Example" pleasure, enjoyment" |
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Instrumental Good
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not good in itself, but tends to lead to good
Example"money" |
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Money is only valuable for
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what it can get, and what it can lead to
money is the best example for what it can do in it self, not what it can do by itself |
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Mill-"Harm principle"
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the only reason for the government is to protect people from harm, Gov. does not have a right to interfere in our personal affairs unless someone is in harm
Physical or mental harm |
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Mills=higher pleasures
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Higher is more valuable than lower pleasures only human's can have, inter-lectural, completing a complex task
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Mills=Lower Physical gratification
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response to Bentham is: you would rather be a happy pig or some what happier human, with the chance of a greater happiness.
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Jeremy Benthan was now as/for
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Hedonic Calculus, pig philosophy and quantitative ( mathematical way of determining an outcome, that would tell us morally which way to go)
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Obligatory acts
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an required act,
example: paying taxes |
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Morally obligatory act
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an act required by your moral structure/bases
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Supererogatory act
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is not required, not neutral either. Optional but would be nice. Doing more than what would be required.
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