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81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Petroleum greek meaning |
Petra = Rock Oleum = Oil
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Petroleum used by Noah as ______. |
Pitch, a coating for waterproofing |
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Define a petroleum seep |
A seep is where a reservoir has some kind of fracture to the surface. |
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3 USA Beginning towns of the modern oil industry. |
Oil Springs, ON
Titusville, PA
Marietta, OH |
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Process used to separate a mix of hydrocarbons |
Distillation |
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Kerosene distillation saved _____. |
whales |
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Company founded by John D. Rockefeller, dominated the US oil industry from 1870 to 1911 |
Standard Oil |
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Descendants of Standard Oil |
Exxon Mobil Chevron Amoco Conoco Arco Marathon Pennzoil Sohio |
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Germany and Japan had no domestic oil sources |
US produced 63% of world's oil to help with Allied victory. |
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2007 US Energy Consumption. What percent is from oil and natural gas? |
62% |
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Petroleum is fuel for these 5 things. |
Heating and Cooling Cooking Electricity Transportation Drinking Water (process and transport) |
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Name 5 petroleum products. |
Fertilizers Fabrics Rubber & Plastics Detergents and Cosmetics Medicine |
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3 Types of Petroleum Businesses |
International Oil Company - IOC i.e. Exxon Mobil
National Oil Company - NOC i.e. Saudi Aramco
Independent Oil Company i.e. Range Resources |
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_____ _____ were the first exploration clues. |
Oil seeps
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____ ____ were secondary early in the petroleum industry. |
Environmental concerns |
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Petroleum is a product of life. (Theory) |
Organic theory |
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Name 2 examples of inorganic petroleum. |
Hugoton Gas Field
Titan, Moon of Jupiter |
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Process that plants take CO2 from air and build glucose. |
Photosynthesis |
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Surface water Relatively Fresh (low salinity, 3.5% or less) Oxidizing Acidic High bicarbonate HCO3- Low Ca, Mg |
Meteoric Water |
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Basin water trapped during sedimentation Starts as seawater Saline Reducing (low Oxygen) Alkaline High Na+, K+, Cl- |
Connate Water |
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The term petroleum |
was first used by Agricola in 1546 |
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First oil well down to 1000 ft |
China 347 AD as part of salt production |
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Persians distilled kerosene |
in the 9th century |
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Thorla McKee Well |
was drilled in 1816 in Ohio |
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First commercial refinery |
in Russia in 1861 |
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produced 80,000 BOD from a 1300 ft well |
Spindletop, TX: 1901 |
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Why did Standard Oil Break Up |
US supreme court in 1911 enforced Federal anti-trust law |
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Exxon merges with Mobil 1999 |
ranks 25th by GDP ahead of Austria |
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Arguments for biogenic origin |
99.9% are from sed. basins and 99% are younger then 400 million years. |
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Soviet Geologists and Thomas Gold's Theory |
Natural gas is emitted by the earth, gas feeds bacteria in deep reservoirs, bacteria makes oil. (not widely accepted) |
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Carbon Storage |
24% organic C in sediments 76% inorganic C in limestones |
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Factors required to make a conventional oil deposit |
A sed. basin with: A source rock-rich in organic matter burial heating-maturation reservoir rock-porous and permeable migration path-source to trap trap time preservation |
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Source rocks |
black organic-rich marine shales |
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Unconventional Petroleum Systems |
Gas shales, coal bed methane, tar sands, oil shale, gas hydrates. |
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1/3 world oil reserves |
New Seven Sisters |
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Gold theory tested |
Siljin meteorite impact |
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Nitrogen gas source |
igneous rocks in basement |
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Sed. setting for overpressure |
muddy deltas |
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sed. environments for salt deposits |
deserts |
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Walther's law sedimentation |
migrate laterally, some sediments lay on top of sediments adjacent environment |
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Reserves |
oil that is proven to be there and can be extracted economically using current technology |
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Resource |
Oil that is though to exist based on geological concepts |
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kerogen |
insoluble in organic solvents |
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1 barrel equals |
42 gallons |
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Paraffins |
(CnH2n+2) C1-C4: Gases C5:C14: Liquids >C15: Solids |
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API Gravity |
is a density scale calibrated so that density of water is 10 degrees API. Increasing API gravity = decreasing density |
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Why does temperature increase with depth |
radioactive elements in rocks produce heat |
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Surface Heat Flow |
50 mW/m^2 continental average |
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Lithostatic stress |
due to load of overburden |
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horizontal stress |
depends on rock compressibility since rocks are elastic |
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Characteristics of Overpressure Zones |
under-compacted shale low density rapid drilling rate low thermal conductivity low salinity |
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irreducible water |
bound to grains by surface tension in clays |
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juvenile water |
from igneous rocks (not common) |
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meteoric water |
surface water, acidic, oxidizing |
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connate water |
deep basin water, saline, reducing |
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Sediment |
unconsolidated products of weathering and erosion |
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3 types of sed. rocks |
Detrital-made of rock fragments (clastic) Biochemical-formed by organisms Chemical-precipitated from chemical solution
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Black Shales |
source rocks |
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porous sandstones |
reservoirs |
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Good Reservoir |
well rounded well sorted quartz and sandstone |
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Bad reservoir |
bimodal rounding poorly sorted lithic sandstone |
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Carbonate rocks |
limestone and dolostone |
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chalk |
microscopic algae |
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Non-marine environments |
glacial, deserts, alluvial fans, lakes, swamps, braided streams, meandering streams |
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Turbidite sands can |
form very thick piles of sandstone reservoir |
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progradation |
land moves sea ward |
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retrogradation |
land moves inland |
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Requirements for high organic productivity |
light, temperature, nutrients, low turbidity, phytoplankton |
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Areas of high productivity |
at boundaries between polar and temperate regions, west side of continents, in upper 100m of ocean |
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How to get anoxic conditions |
water stratification |
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Kerogen |
disseminated solid organic matter in sed. rocks, insoluble in organic solvents |
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3 types of Kerogen |
Algal-high HC, rich in lipids, oil prone Liptinic-intermediate HC, oil and gas prone Humic-low HC, rich in aromativs, gas prone |
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the carbon cycle |
is inefficient at producing petroleum |
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petroleum system |
requires a mature source rock, reservoir, and trap formed in the right order |
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average geothermal gradient |
25 degree C/km 23 degree F/1000 ft |
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oil window |
60 - 120 degree C (this is where maturation occures |
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low conductivity rocks lead |
to high thermal gradients and vice versa |
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methods to control pressure while drilling |
drilling mud casing BOP |
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Meteoric water |
can enhance porosity in carbonates |
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Chain of thermal maturation |
organic matter-kerogen-bitumen-oil-gas-residue |
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pyrolysis and vitrinite reflectance |
can be used to determine source rock maturity |