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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
amino acid
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Organic compound with an amino group (NH2), a carboxylic acid group (COOH), and a side group bonded covalently to the same carbon atom. Subunit of proteins.
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antioxidant
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Enzyme or cofactor that can help neutralize free radicals, which may otherwise damage DNA and other molecules of life.
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archaea
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Evolutionarily distinct domain of prokaryotic organisms.
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ATP
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Adenosine triphosphate. Nucleotide made of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups; main energy carrier in cells.
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cleavage
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Early stage of animal development. Mitotic cell divisions divide a fertilized egg into many smaller, nucleated cells; original volume of egg cytoplasm does not increase.
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coenzyme
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Small molecule that participates in an enzymatic reaction, and is reversibly modified during the reaction (e.g., a vitamin).
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compound
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Molecule consisting of two or more elements in unvarying proportions.
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condensation reaction
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Covalent bonding of two molecules into a larger molecule, often with the formation of water as a by-product.
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connective tissue
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Most abundant, pervasive animal tissue. Specialized types are cartilage, bone tissue, adipose tissue, and blood.
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cytoskeleton
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Interconnected system of protein filaments that structurally supports, organizes, and moves a eukaryotic cell and its internal structures.
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denaturation
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The three-dimensional shape of a protein or some other complex molecule unravels as its hydrogen bonds are disrupted.
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deoxyribonucleic acid
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See DNA.
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disaccharide
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A common oligosaccharide; two covalently bonded sugar monomers.
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disease
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Illness caused by an infectious, dietary, or environmental factor.
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DNA
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Deoxyribonucleic acid. Carries the primary hereditary information for all living organisms and many viruses.
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electron transfer chain
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Array of membrane-bound enzymes and other molecules that accept and give up electrons in sequence; allows the release and capture of energy in small, useful increments.
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energy
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Capacity to do work.
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enzyme
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A type of protein (or, rarely, RNA) that accelerates a chemical reaction.
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fat
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Type of lipid with a glycerol head attached to one, two, or three fatty acid tails.
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functional group
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An atom or a group of atoms with characteristic properties that is covalently bonded to an organic compound’s carbon backbone.
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hemoglobin
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Respiratory protein in red blood cells; consists of four polypeptide chains and four heme groups.
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hydrolysis
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An enzymatic cleavage reaction in which a molecule is split, and the components of water (—OH and —H) become attached to each of the fragments.
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induced-fit model
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An enzyme changes shape to fit a bound substrate, and the resulting tension destabilizes the substrate’s bonds.
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lipid
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Nonpolar hydrocarbon; fats, oils, waxes, phospholipids, and sterols are lipids.
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monosaccharide
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One of the simple sugars (e.g., glucose) that are unit components of oligosaccharides or polysaccharides.
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mutation
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Heritable change in DNA.
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nucleic acid
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Single-stranded or double-stranded molecule composed of nucleotides joined at phosphate groups (e.g., DNA, RNA).
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nucleotide
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Small organic compound with a five-carbon sugar, a nitrogen-containing base, and a phosphate group.
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organic compound
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Molecule containing carbon and hydrogen; may also contain oxygen, nitrogen, and other elements.
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polypeptide chain
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Three or more amino acids linked by peptide bonds.
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polysaccharide
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Straight or branched chain of many covalently linked sugar units of the same or different kinds. Most common types are cellulose, starch, and glycogen.
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protein
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Organic compound consisting of one or more polypeptide chains folded and twisted into a three-dimensional shape.
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ribonucleic acid
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See RNA.
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RNA
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Ribonucleic acid. Any of a class of single-stranded nucleic acids with roles in transcription, translation, and catalysis.
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sterol
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Lipid with a rigid backbone of four fused carbon rings.
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wax
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A type of lipid with long-chain fatty acids attached to long-chain alcohols or carbon rings.
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