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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is an urinary tract obstruction?
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Any interference with flow of urine at any site along urinary tract.
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What is obstructive uropathy?
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a condition in which the flow of urine is blocked, causing it to back up and injure one or both kidneys.
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What is the severity of a urinary tract obstruction based on?
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Location; Completeness (entire or partial flow); Involvement of one or both upper urinary tracts; Duration (of obstruction); Cause
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Hydroureter:
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type of Urinary Tract Obstruction where the ureter is dialated.
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Hydronephrosis:
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type of Urinary Tract Obstruction where there's a dialation of renal pelvis and calisis above the blockage.
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Compensatory Hypertrophy can be _ _ or _ _.
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Obligatory growth; compensatory growth.
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In obligatory growth and compensatory growth:
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the unaffected side/kidney will hypertrophy to compensate for side that's blocked, by increasing site of glomeruli & tubules. (this counteracts the affects of obstruction)
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Postobstructive diuresis is:
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normal after relief after obstruction but if it is excessive, can cause dehydration & fluid/electrolyte imbalance.
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Kidney Stones are a type of upper urinary tract obstruction and are classified according to:
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the minerals comprising stones.
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Kidney Stones may be calculi or urinary stones which are:
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masses of crystals, protein, or other substances that form within and may obstruct urinary tract.
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ppl who are at high risk for kidney stones:
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Gender (WOMEN),
Race, Geographic Location, Seasonal Factors (SUMMER), Fluid Intake (lower intake=higher risk), Diet, Occupation |
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Main 3 factors affecting kidney stone formation:
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Supersaturation of one or more salts (presence of precipitation);
Precipitation of salt from liquid to solid state (temp & pH); Growth into stone via crystallization or aggregation (once salts all start to come together-form a stone). |
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Other factors affecting kidney stone formation:
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~crystal growth-inhibiting substances;
~particle retention; ~matrix. |
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Kinds of kidney stone types:
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~Calcium oxalate or calcium phosphate (70%-80% of stones-Ex:TUMS);
~Struvite Stones (contain Mg, Ph, Ammonium, @ high risk: ones w/ frequent bacterial infections); ~Uric Acid Stones (high riskers: gout). |
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Manifestation of kidney stones:
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Renal Colic-(flank pain [lovehandles]) may radiate to groin or abdomen on lower side; complain of urinary tract infection symptoms.
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Evaluation of kidney stones:
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~stone and urine analysis;
~intravenous pyelogram (IVP) or kidney, ureter, bladder x-ray (KUB); ~Spiral abdominal CT |
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Treatment of kidney stones:
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~High fluid intake (to flush it out);
~Decreasing dietary intake of stone-forming substances; ~Stone removal (if cannot flush out, may have to physically retrieve it). |
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One type of Lower Urinary Tract Obstruction:
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Neurogenic Bladder (bladder dysfunction).
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A neurogenic bladder causes:
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-Dyssynergia;
-Obstruction; -Low bladder wall compliance |
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Dyssynergia causes:
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Detrusor Hyperreflexia: loss of coordinated neuromuscle contraction; bladder automatically empties- causes urine leakage and incompetence;
Detrusor Areflexia: causes urinary retention which causes bladder to distend (bladder gets BIGGER & filled with urine). |
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in an obstruction of a neurogenic bladder, will see: _ _, which causes:
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frequent urination;
poor stream, urgency, feeling of incomplete emptying. |
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a type of an obstruction of a neurogenic bladder:
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urethral strictures (which is caused by an increase in size of prostate or pelvic organ prolapse).
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in a low bladder wall compliance (in a lower urinary tract obstruction):
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there's a loss of avail for bladder to stretch- usually c/b infection.
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type of Tumors (associated with lower urinary tract obstruction):
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~Renal Tumors:(can b/c malignant and would need t/b surgically removed)
-[Renal adenomas-most likely seen in men, 50-60yrs old, higher risk: african descent, smokers, obese] -[Renal cell carcinoma]; ~Bladder Tumors: [Transitional cell carcinoma-m C type of ^] |