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219 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
FM 3-99 |
Airborne and Air Assault Operations |
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GUC |
Ground Unit Commander |
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METT-TC |
Mission Enemy and Friendly situations troops terrain and weather Time available Civilians on the battlefield |
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Two main categories that contribute to the process of HLZ selection? |
Tactical considerations Technical considerations |
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Tactical considerations of HLZ's pertain to what? Responsibility of who? And estimate of what? |
1. Actual mission of the unit being moved 2. GUC - ground unit commander 3. METT-TC |
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The technical considerations of HLZ planning are the responsibility of who? |
Pathfinders |
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What are the seven technical consideration section factors? |
1. Size of HLP/TDP 2. Landing formations and number of A/C 3. Surface conditions 4. Obstacles 5. Approach and departure routes 6. Atmospheric conditions 7. Type of load |
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HLP/TDP |
Helicopter landing point/touch down point |
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The aviation unit commander bases the size of the HLP/TDP upon what? |
1. Size/type of aircraft 2. Pilot/unit proficiency 3. Day/night 4. Atmospheric conditions |
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TDP size 1 diameter? Type of A/C? |
1. 25m 2. OH-6, OH-58, MH-6, AH-6, UH-72A |
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TDP size 2 diameter? Type of A/C? |
1. 35m 2. AH-1W/Z, UH-1N/Y (USMC skids for landing) |
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TDP size 3 diameter? Type of A/C? |
1. 50m 2. AH-64, UH-60A/L/M, SH-60 (60 Series A/C) |
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TDP size 4 diameter? Type of A/C? |
1. 80m 2. All CH A/C, MV/CV-22B |
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TDP size 5 diameter? Used for? |
1. 100 m 2. All DAYTIME sling load, Unknown A/C, A/C w/ land safe |
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TDP size 6 diameter? Reason for use? |
1. 125m 2. All sling loads using long lines |
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TDP size 6 diameter? Reason for use? |
1. 125m 2. All sling loads using long lines |
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TDP size 7 diameter? Reason for use? |
1. 150m 2. All NIGHTTIME sling load, A/C w/ sling load using Land safe |
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Front (Term) |
Heavy Left |
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Where in the formation does the A/C with a sling load fly? |
Always flys separately |
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What are you looking for when determining surface conditions?
(Alabama heel stomp) |
- Surface firm enough to support the weight of the A/C - free of loose sand, snow, & debris |
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What is the definition of an obstacle? |
Anything 18" high, wide, or deep |
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What are the 4 R's when dealing with obstacles? |
Remove Reduce Red (mark in red) Radio (advise pilot) |
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Is ground slope considered an obstacle? |
Yes |
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On a slope, which direction with you attempt to land the A/C? |
- up-slope or side-slope - never down-slope |
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Ground slope 0-7 deg. 1. What A\C can land? 2. What advisories? |
1. All A/C 2. No advisory |
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Ground slope 7-15 deg. 1. What A\C can land? 2. What A/C cannot land? 3. What advisories? |
1. Wheels for landing can land 2. Skids for landing cannot 3. Wheeled-- Land up-slope Skid-- terminate at hover |
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Ground slope exceeds 15 deg. 1. What A\C can land? 2. What A/C cannot land? 3. What advisories? |
1. None 2. All 3. Terminate at hover |
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Slope is expressed in what unit of measure? |
Degrees |
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Heavy Right |
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What is the formula for slope? |
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Convert meters to feet? |
Meters X 3.28 = feet |
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Convert feet to meters? |
Feet / 3.28 = meters |
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Ideally, the land heading for the approach and departure routes will be along which axis? |
Long axis - over lowest obstacle - into the wind |
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What is the default Obstacle buffer ratio? |
10:1 or 100m (whichever is greater) |
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When given the authority to reduce Obstacle buffer, what is the ratio? |
5:1 or 50m (whichever is greater) |
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When prevailing winds are present, what must you always attempt to have the A/C do? |
Land into the wind |
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Prevailing winds-- depending on A/C capabilities, 1. A/C can land in crosswind of? 2. Tail wind of? |
1. 0-9 knots 2. 0-5 knots |
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When a cross wind exceeds 9 knots, the pilot must do what? |
Land into the wind |
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The performance capabilities of the A/C's ACL is determined on what? |
Humidity Altitude Temperature
(HAT) |
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Vee |
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What are the four types of loads? |
1. Equipment ( ex: sling load) 2. Personnel (ex: PVT joe) 3. Internal (ex: kicker box) 3. External (ex: super hooah SF Bro doing Fris/Spies) |
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What are the two HLS NIGHT marking configurations? |
Inverted "Y" NATO "T" |
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How many lights does a inverted "y" have? How many for cargo A/C? |
1. 4 2. 5 |
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How many lights does the NATO "T" have? |
5 |
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When is the NATO "T" used? |
- when coordinated for - when A/C are approaching from 500 ft AGL or more |
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When using the NATO "T", how much must you add to the total length of the site? |
20m |
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Trail |
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Staggered Trail Right |
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Staggered Trail Left |
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What are the distances between lights? |
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Distance between lights? Base light? Stem light? |
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Diamond |
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What helicopter formation is the most secure? Why? |
Diamond - 360 deg. security once on the ground |
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Distance between lights? Marking used for what type of A/C? |
2. CH |
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Distance between lights? Use on which type of A/C? |
2. CH (move 5th light when coordinated) |
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How many HLP lights are used to mark additional non-CH A/C in formation? How far apart are the lights? |
1. Two 2. 5m apart, 5m from TDP |
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How many HLP lights are used for additional cargo A/C in formation? What distance are they placed? |
1. Two 2. 10m apart, 10m from TDP |
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What side of a sling load will the A/C land? |
Left |
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Obstacles will be marked with what color? |
Steady red (under NVG's will look white to pilots) |
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The ground guide will mark the LZ for the lead A/C by? |
1. By use of signalman 2. By holding rifle over his head 3. Vs-17 panel 4. Other identifiable means |
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What are the three priorities when determining the land heading? |
1. Long axis of site 2. Wind direction and speed 3. Slope at the site |
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GTA |
Ground to Air (Guy talking to A/C) |
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INR |
Internal Net Recorder (Guy that will be the result of legal frying your ass if you F**k up) |
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CCP
(Not normal Army CCP) |
Communications Checkpoint |
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When placing the GTA on the HLP consider what three things? |
1. Good 360 deg. Observation of the site 2. Not placed inside a cleared area 3. Opposite the CCP |
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When placing the GTA & INR on the HLP consider what three things? |
1. Good 360 deg. Observation of the site 2. Not placed inside a cleared area 3. Opposite the CCP |
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What is the Minimum distance that must be between the INR and GTA man? |
25m |
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The sling load TDP for like A/C must be how far away from the nearest active HLP? How far for unlike/unknown A/C? |
1. 80m 2. 100m |
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What is the process to establish an HLS? |
1. Determine land heading (crows foot) 2. Place GTA 3. Determine obstacle ratio & place #1 TDP 4. Establish/mark the site (other A/C in formation) 5. Select tentative location for sling load point |
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Methods used to approach Army A/C? |
- move once a/c has landed - approach at crouch - approach from down-slope |
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Approach angle for a UH-1 Helicopter? |
45deg. From the front |
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Approach angle for a UH-60 helicopter? |
90 deg. From the sides |
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Approach angle for cargo helicopters? |
45 deg. From the rear |
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Approach angle for a CH-53? |
45 deg. From the RIGHT rear (Tail rotor will turn you to a pink must on the left) |
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Loading and inflight safety actions? (Name 6) |
- load in reverse order - use cargo lashing - DO NOT place equipment under troop seats - seat belts - remain seated - no smoking |
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Muzzle orientation on a UH-1N/Y? On a UH-60/OH-58/CH-47? |
1. Up 2. Down |
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Off loading procedure? (Name 4) |
1. Wait to be instructed to move 2. Watch tail rotor hazard 3. Exit down slope 4. 2-3 steps, go prone |
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Emergency exits on UH-1? |
4 |
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Emergency exits on UH-60? |
6 |
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Emergency exits for CH-47? |
11 |
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Emergency exits on MV-22B? |
6 |
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Emergency exits on OH-58? |
2 |
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What are the three preferred landing formations? Why? |
Echelon right Echelon left Trail
- limits amount of sand/ snow sucked into engine |
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What formation will A/C only do a Run in Landing? |
Echelon R/L |
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When is a Land safe systems designed to be used? |
Limited visibility situations |
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How many chalks can be located at the chalk assembly area at one time? |
No more than three |
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Front (Term) |
Know it |
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Know it |
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UH-1N Cruising speed? Max speed? |
110 kias 120 kias |
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UH-1Y Cruising speed? Max Speed? |
158 kias 164 kias |
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UH-60 L/M Cruising speed? Max Speed? |
150 kias 159 kias |
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SH-60 Cruising speed? Max speed? |
146 kias 180 kias |
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CH-47 D/F Cruising speed? Max speed? |
130 kias 170 kias |
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CH-53E Cruising speed? Max Speed? |
150 kias 200 kias |
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Ch-53K Cruising speed? Max speed? |
160 kias 200 kias |
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C/V- 22 Cruising speed? Max Speed? |
220 kias 250 kias |
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CAB |
Combat Aviation Battalion |
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Ideally, a commander will assign pathfinders to who in order to build better relationship between aviators and pathfinders? |
Combat aviation battalion |
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Pathfinders primary role to provided to military A/C? |
Navigational aid Advisory services |
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How are pathfinders employed at landing sites? |
Select, mark, improve, and control landing sites |
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Before pathfinders perform secondary missions, they must first do what? |
Train and perform routine maintenance on their equipment |
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What are the five basic plans of an Air Assault operation? |
1. Ground tactical plan 2. Landing plan 3. Air movement plan 4. Loading plan 5. Staging plan |
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What is the lowest level capable of unilaterally conducting and Air Assault operation? |
Division |
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What is the lowest level that can plan, coordinate, and control and Air Assault operation? |
Battalion |
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What is the lowest level that can execute the air assault operation? |
Company |
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The use of air assault in the Ground tactical plan capitalizes on what? |
Speed and mobility (of A/C) to achieve surprise |
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The landing plan supports the ground tactical plan by ensuring what? |
Units sequentially arrive at designated locations and times |
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Elements of the landing plan? |
1. Availability, location, and size of landing site 2. Flexibility for changes 3. Support by fire planned for around landing site 4. MEDEVAC and re-supply contingents |
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Advantage of single LZ? |
(Verbiage!! One place, more control) - concentration of combat power - control of operation - concentrates supporting fires in and around LZ - provides better security for lifts - reduce number of flight routes - centralizes - requires less planning/rehearsal |
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Advantages of multiple LZs |
(Spreads things out) - avoids grouping assets - rapid dispersal of troops in separate areas - reduces enemies ability to detect and reach first lift - enemy must fight in more than one direction - reduces congestion on LZ - difficult to determine size of Air Assault force |
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What is the Air Movement plan based upon? |
Ground tactical plan the landing plan |
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Two key elements of the Air Movement Plan? |
- flight routes, with flight route overlays - air movement table |
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What does the flight route consist of? |
- Start point (SP) - Release Point (RP) - flight in between |
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How are the SP & RP point identified? |
Easily identifiable topographic feature visible from the air |
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The SP/RP are how far from the PZ/LZ? How many minutes? |
3-5 kilometers 2 min |
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ACP |
Air Control Points |
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What is an ACP? |
-easily identifiable topographic feature from the air, that is a navigational aid, where the flight route changes |
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What is an intercept heading? |
1-2 mile final approach to LZ that keeps A/C from having to turn too sharply |
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What are the three flight routes? |
1. Restricted flight route 2. Flight Corridor 3. Flight Axis |
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Restricted flight route |
A/C restricted to heading and altitude |
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Flight Corridor |
1. 200-300 METERS either side of flight corridor 2. 500 FEET above or below altitude 3. Authorized by brigade/Division Commander |
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AME |
Airspace Management Element |
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AME |
Airspace Management Element |
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For a flight corridor, what can the AME restrict? |
Restrict operational area for selected A/C. (At Corps level) |
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Flight axis |
- Like corridor - gives AMC CHOICE in selecting enroute formations and alter direction |
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What are the three terrain flight modes? |
1. Nap of the earth 2. Contour 3. Low level (pilot preferred) |
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When is the loading plan most important? |
- When mixing internal and external loads And/or - mixing a/c type |
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Copies of the loading plan should be distributed to who? |
1. Aviation LNO 2. Command and control elements 3. The AMC 3. Pz control officer |
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What does the air loading table assign? |
Man or equipment to specific chalk (load manifest) |
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What are two things to maintain during load planning? |
Tactical integrity of units Self sufficiency of loads |
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Why is tactical cross-loading important? |
If an a/c is lost, the mission is not seriously hampered |
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What does the staging plan prescribe? |
The arrival time for ground units at PZ in proper order of movement |
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Staging time? |
1 hr prior to load time |
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Staging time? |
1 hr prior to load time |
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PZ posture? |
15 min prior to a/c arrival |
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Pathfinders initial prepare equipment in what order?
(Ronny Never Wins In A Maze) |
1. Radios 2. Navigation aids (electronic/visual) 3. Weapons 4. Essential Individual equipment 5. Assembly aids 6. Other Mission specific items |
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What must a pathfinder do in his planning as he receives more information? |
Reorganize personnel and equipment to better accomplish the mission |
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In an operation, Pathfinders may have to recommend? |
- exact locations for DZs and LZs - a time schedule - landing formations - employment techniques |
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Who coordinates with pathfinders to make an air movement table? |
Air Liaison Officers (ALO) & Ground unit commanders (GUC) |
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AMB |
Air Mission Brief |
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What does the AMB ensure? |
- Key aviation personnel are briefed - each plan is finalized |
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Who is present at the Air Mission Brief? |
- S2, S3, S3 Air, S4 - FSO - ALO - ADA liaison - aviation unit ops officer - AMC - battle captain from air recon - attack helo units - GUC - communications officer |
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Load (chalk) |
Personnel and/or equipment that are designated to be moved, by specific A/C |
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Serial |
- Tactical group of 2-6 A/C - separated by time and space |
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Lift |
All A/C assigned to that mission |
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Formula for Flight time? |
(Distance in Km X 60)/(speed in knots X 1.84)
*always round up!! |
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What does the air movement table show? |
- a/c allocations - number and type of A/C - departure point - landing times |
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H-Hour |
First a/c in first lift touches down at LZ |
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What is the a/c loading time for day? Night? Unloading time? |
1. 3 min 2. 5 min 3. 1 min |
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Night time conditions are between? |
1800-0559 |
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What is the Air loading table used as? |
Loading manifest (Assigns chalk number a/c to carry personnel) |
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A/C bump plan? |
Ensures that the most essential personnel/ equipment arrive at the objective first |
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Who devises the Bump plan? |
XO or 1SG |
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AMC |
Air mission Command |
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AMC |
Air mission Command |
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CAN |
Combat Aviation Net |
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CCN |
Company Command Net |
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How has overall responsibility for an Air Assault operation? |
Company commander |
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Duties of a company commander during company Air Assault? |
- plans operation - briefs subordinate leaders - issues OPORD - conducts rehearsals |
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Who is the PZ control officer? |
XO, 1sg, or PL |
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Who is the PZ control officer? |
XO, 1sg, or PL |
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PZ Control NCOIC? |
1sg, Plt Sgt, Section Sgt, or Squad leader |
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What two radios must the RTO monitor? |
- combat aviation net (CAN) - Company Command Net (CCN) or (PZ Control Net) |
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Duties of chalk link up guides? |
- one per chalk - assist in movement of chalks from unit AA to chalk AA |
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Duties of #1 TDP signalman? |
- guidance for a/c - should be on lead A/C |
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What does the chalk leader brief his personnel on? |
- seating arrangement - loading procedures - use of safety belts - in-flight procedures - offloading procedures |
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Duties of the PZ control officer? |
- organize, control, and coordinate operations in PZ |
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The PZ control officer tasks are to do what? |
1. Form the control group 2. Establish Comms 3. Plan and initiate fire support 4. Plan and initiate security 5. Clear PZ of obstacles |
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Responsibilities of the site Team Leader? |
- organize rally point - recon : long axis, usable area, ground slope, land heading, best landing info - designate sling load point - place GTA radio operator - ect |
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4 factors that dictate number of extra pathfinders employed? |
S.E.N.T. - size of landing site - expected density of air traffic - number/type of visual/electronic aids - tactical situation |
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What is the FAA regulation for ATC? |
FAA 7110.65 |
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What is the FAA regulation for ATC? |
FAA 7110.65 |
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FM 3-04.120 |
Army AIr Traffic control |
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Pathfinder air traffic procedures promote what two things? |
Safe and expeditious flow of air traffic |
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Pathfinder air traffic procedures promote what two things? |
Safe and expeditious flow of air traffic |
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4 purposes of Pathfinder ATC? |
1. Prevent collisions 2. Expedite traffic 3. Provide flight info 4. Aid in search and rescue |
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Pathfinder air traffic procedures promote what two things? |
Safe and expeditious flow of air traffic |
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4 purposes of Pathfinder ATC? |
1. Prevent collisions 2. Expedite traffic 3. Provide flight info 4. Aid in search and rescue |
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What form filled out by the INR may be used to aid in search and rescue? |
DA Form 7461-R |
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3 qualities of pathfinder ATC? |
Accuracy Speed knowledge |
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3 qualities of pathfinder ATC? |
Accuracy Speed knowledge |
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Six comm techniques? (Over mic) |
(3 avoids/3 speaks) - avoid monotone - avoid too slow/fast speech - avoid display of emotion/excitement - speak directly into mic - speak in a normal conversation tone - speak with confidence |
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On a helicopter, what side is the RED light located on? GREEN? |
Red: left Green: left |
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On a helicopter, what side is the RED light located on? GREEN? |
Red: left Green: right |
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What are the two type of information in reference to flight info? |
1. Pertinent info 2. Advisory info |
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What is pertinent information? |
Info pertaining directly to your landing site |
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4 types of pertinent information? |
1. Signal on call 2. Description of the landing site 3. Wind speed and direction 4. Field elevation of the landing site |
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What pertinent information pertains to NIGHT operations only? |
Filed elevation of the landing site |
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What pertinent information pertains to NIGHT operations only? |
Filed elevation of the landing site |
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What pertinent information pertains to NIGHT operations only? |
Filed elevation of the landing site |
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What is advisory information? |
Info pilot must know in order to avoid potentially hazardous situation |
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What pertinent information pertains to NIGHT operations only? |
Field elevation of the landing site |
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What is advisory information? |
Info pilot must know in order to avoid potentially hazardous situation |
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How do you alway begin advisories on the net? |
"Be Advised" |
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What is some advisory information? |
- turbulence at or near the site - obstacles/hazards - artillery/mortar fire (weapon location, ordinance, direction of fire) - enemy situation - weather - other A/C at or near site |
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What are the 3 Cardinal rules?
(Really know the 3rd!!!!!!!!!!) |
1. Arriving a/c will not be given clearance to land at a landing point until all preceding a/c have taxied from or flown forward of the designated landing point 2. Departing a/c will not be cleared for departure until all preceding a/c have flown clear of the forward landing point
3. Never allow a sling load a/c to fly over personnel, equipment, or another a/c at any time |
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Primarily, what are traffic patterns used to control? |
A/C around landing sites, drop zones, pick-up zones |
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From the center line of the landing site, how far does the traffic pattern extend? In which direction? |
1. One STATUTE mile 2. All directions |
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The normal altitude that a pilot will fly is dependent upon what? |
METT-TC |
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5 legs of the standard traffic pattern? |
1. Upwind leg 2. Crosswind leg 3. Downwind leg 4. Base leg 5. Final approach leg |
|
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Look at it! |
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What is the minimum traffic pattern that can be flown? |
Final approach leg |
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Right or left traffic pattern is better for rotary a/c? |
- right (pilot on the right) - left better for nascar drivers |
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What type of a/c may enter the traffic pattern anywhere? As long as it is what? |
1. Rotary a/c 2. Consistent with safety requirement s |
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Where may fixed wing a/c enter the traffic pattern? |
First 1/3 portion of any leg at 45 deg angle or less |
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What is a closed traffic pattern? |
A/c continue to orbit the site at the specified altitude |
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You can extend any traffic leg except for which ones? |
Base leg Final approach leg |
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What is a modified traffic pattern? How many legs must it have? |
1. Take a/c from where they are and put them into the pattern 2. Two or three legs |
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What is the 360 degree turn out? Where can it not be preformed? |
1. Two-minute turnout to prevent collision 2. Final approach |
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Que for an a/c to execute a 360 deg turnout? |
"Go around" |
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What are the 6 priorities for landing? |
1. A/c with in-flight emergency 2. MEDEVAC a/c 3. Coded A/C (1-8) 4. A/c in formation (2 or more a/c) 5. A/c with external load 6. Single A/C |
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What type of approach is not one of the six traffic patterns but will be a pathfinders most common encounter? |
Circle approach |
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Types of traffic patterns |
- Standard traffic pattern L/R - closed traffic pattern L/R - modified 1. Extending one/ more legs 2. 360 deg turnout - straight in approach |
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How far away is the CCP and RP to the OP site? |
6-8 km |
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How far are the CCP and RP to the control zone? |
3-5 km |
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How large is the fixed wing control zone? |
18 km |
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How large is the fixed wing control zone? |
18 km |
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How large is the rotary wing control zone? |
6 km |
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In map marking RP means? |
Reference point |