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17 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Hydronephrosis
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is a condition where the ureters are unable to drain urine from the kidneys and the backed up urine exerts pressure on the kidney tissue.
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An abnormally low urinary output is called _________ if it is between 100 and 400 ml/day, and ________ if it is less than 100 ml/day.
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oliguria
anuria |
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Low urinary output usually indicates that
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glomerular blood pressure it too low to cause filtration, but anuria may also result from transfusion reactions and acute inflammation or from crushing injuries of the kidney.
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When urine becomes extremely concentrated, solutes such as uric acid salts form crystals that precipitate in the renal pelvis. These crystals are called ______ ______, or _______ _______.
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renal calculi
kidney stones |
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Excruciating pain that radiates to the flank occurs when the ureter walls close in on the sharp calculi as they are being eased through the ureter by peristalsis or when the...
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calculi become wedged in a ureter.
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Urethritis
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is inflammation of the urethra.
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If the inflammation spreads to the bladder it is called ________, and inflammation of the kidney is _________.
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cystitis
pyelonephritis |
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Symptoms of a urinary tract infection include...
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painful urination, urinary urgency and frequency, fever, and sometimes cloudy or blood-tinged urine.
When the kidneys are involved, back pain and a severe headache are common. |
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Incontinence
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occurs when an individual is unable to voluntarily control the external sphincter. Incontinence is normal in children 2 years old or younger, because they have not yet gained control over their voluntary sphincter.
After the toddler years, incontinence is usually a result of emotional problems, pressure, or nervous system problems. |
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Urinary retention
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is essentially the opposite of incontinence. It is a condition in which the bladder is unable to expel its contained urine.
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Another cause of urinary retention, occurring primarily in older men, is enlargement, or __________, of the prostate gland.
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hyperplasia
As the prostate gland enlarges, it narrows the urethra, making it very difficult to void. |
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When ADH is not released, large amounts of very dilute urine flush from the body day after day. This condition, _______ __________, can lead to severe dehydration and electrolyte imbalances.
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diabetes insipidus
Affected individuals are always thirsty and have to drink fluids almost continuously to maintain normal fluid balance. |
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Polyuria
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is a condition where large amounts of urine are excreted, and a tremendous amount of salt and water are lost from the body. Adequate amounts of salt and fluids must be ingested to avoid dehydration.
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________________ can cause polyuria.
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Addison's disease (hypoaldosteronism)
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Adult polycystic kidney disease
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is a degenerative condition that appears to run in families. One or both kidneys enlarge, sometimes to the size of a football, and have many cysts containing urine. These cysts interfere with renal function by obstructing, but initially not stopping urine drainage.
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Hypospadias
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is a congenital abnormality found in male babies. It occurs when the urethral orifice is located on the ventral surface of the penis. Corrective surgery is generally done when the child is around 12 months old.
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Glomerulonephritis
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is where the glomerular filters become clogged with antigen-antibody complexes resulting from an untreated strep infection.
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