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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
alkene happens at 180*C
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dehydration of alcohol
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hydrate an alkene
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alcohol
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alcohol + 140*C
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form an ether
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compounds with two OH groups
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diols
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compounds with three OH groups
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triols
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common name: ethylene glycol
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1,2 ethanediol
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antifreeze
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common name: glycerol
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1,2,3 propanetriol
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compounds with an -O- atom between two carbons?
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ether
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name the groups attached to the -O- atom in alpha order
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cyclic ethers
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organic solvents
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THF, Dioxane, Ethylene oxide
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THF
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tetrahydrofuran
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THF
tetrahydrofuron |
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Dioxane
cyclic ether |
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ethylene oxide
cyclic ether/organic solvents |
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physical properties of ethers
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-lower boiling points < OH (no H bonds)
-unreactive; used as solvents -participate in combustion & halogenation rxns only |
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steric hindrance
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2* and 3* alcohols do not form ethers when heated with acid catalyst due to the substituents repelling for intermolecular dehydration to occur
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is an alcohol with a short carbon chain (3 or less) soluble? And if so, what in?
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yes, in water.
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Phenols are weak acids but more acidic than what?
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alcohols
...are less polar than phenols. |
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Thiols
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instead of an OH group, SH group attached; add thiol to parent chain
-distinct odors |
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Oxidize a thiol
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form a disulfide
R----S---S---R |
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hydrogenate a disulfide bond
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2R-----SH
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Name this compound
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ethanethiol
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ethylphenalether
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glycerol
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ethyleneglycol
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Oxidizing agents for alkenes
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MnO4
Jones Reagent CrO3 in H2SO4 Cr2O72- |
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oxidized alkylbenzene forms what?
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benzoic acid
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acidityofalcohols
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Alcohol Nomenclature
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Cyclic alcohol nomenclature
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Steps of dehydration of alcohol
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Reactivity of alcohols
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Oxidation
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gain of oxygens or loss of hydrogens
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Oxidation of alkene
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to an alcohol, aldehyde or carboxylic acid
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Aldehydes can reduce to 1* alcohols and ketones to 2* alcohols
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Mechanism of hydride reduction
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1. Hydride ion to carbonyl carbon
2. H+ ion to carbonyl oxygen |
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Reduce both carbon-carbon and carbon-oxygen double bonds
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catalytic hydrogenation
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only carbon - oxygen double bonds
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hydride reduction
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hemiactel
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has an OH group on top of an OR to a carbon atom
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Acetal
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A hemiacetal
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Cyclichemiacetal
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Acetal
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Aldehyde + alcohol
or ketone + alcohol |
form hemiacetals and acetals
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For a hemi - the H of the OH adds to the carbonyl carbon and OR group adds to carbonyl
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Properties of Aldehydes and Ketones
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Boiling points lower than OHs
Accept hydrogen bonds -cannot hydrogen bond with each other |
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polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones
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carbohydrates
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enantiomer
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stereoisomers that are mirror images
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stereoisomerism
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possible from the presence of single chiral carbon
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2 to the N is the max number of stereoisomerisms per chiral carbons
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monosaccharide classification
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3 carbons - triose
4 carbons - tetrose 5 carbons - pentose 6 carbons - hexose |
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d-glucose
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d-ribose
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glyceraldehyde
fischer projection |
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ribose
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glucose 6 phosphate
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beta d - glucose
hawthorth drawing |
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aldotetrose
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beta d galactose
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carbonyl group
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chiral carbon example
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stereoisomerisms of chiral carbons
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erythrose
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glyceraldehyde
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ketopentose
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xylitol
artificial sweetener |
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