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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
apoptosis
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programmed cell death |
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autocrine signal
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signal that is sent and received by the same or similar nearby cells |
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autoinducer
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signaling molecule secreted by bacteria to communicate with other bacteria of its kind and others |
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cell-surface receptor
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cell-surface protein that transmits a signal from the exterior of the cell to the interior, even though the ligand does not enter the cell |
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chemical synapse
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small space between axon terminals and dendrites of nerve cells where neurotransmitters function |
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cyclic AMP
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second messenger that is derived from ATP |
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cyclic AMP-dependent kinase
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kinase that is activated by binding to cAMP, also known as protein kinase A, or PKA |
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diacylglycerol
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cleavage product of PIP2 that is used for signaling within the plasma membrane, also known as DAG |
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dimer chemical
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compound formed when two molecules join together |
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dimerization
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interaction of two receptor proteins to form a functional complex called a dimer |
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endocrine cell
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cell that releases ligands involved in endocrine signaling (hormones) |
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endocrine signal
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long-distance signal that is delivered by ligands (hormones) traveling through an organisms circulatory system from the signaling cell to the target cell |
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enzyme-linked receptor
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cell-surface receptor with intracellular domains that are associated with membrane-bound enzymes |
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extracellular domain
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region of a cell-surface receptor that is located on the cell surface G-protein-linked receptor cell-surface receptor that activates membrane-bound G-proteins to transmit a signal from the receptor to nearby membrane components |
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growth factor
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ligand that binds to cell-surface receptors and stimulates cell growth |
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inhibitor
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molecule that binds to a protein (usually an enzyme) and keeps it from functioning |
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inositol phospholipid
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lipid present at small concentrations in the plasma membrane that is converted into a second messenger; it has inositol (a carbohydrate) as its hydrophilic head group |
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inositol triphosphate
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cleavage product of PIP2 that is used for signaling within the cell; also known as IP3 |
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intercellular signaling
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communication between cells |
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internal receptor
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receptor protein that is located in the cytosol of a cell and binds to ligands that pass through the plasma membrane; also known as intracellular receptor |
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intracellular mediator
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small molecule that transmits signals within a cell; also known as second messenger |
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intracellular signaling
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communication within cells |
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ion channel-linked receptor
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cell-surface receptor that forms a plasma membrane channel, which opens when a ligand binds to the extracellular domain (ligand-gated channels) |
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kinase
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enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to another molecule |
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ligand
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molecule produced by a signaling cell that binds with a specific receptor, delivering a signal in the process |
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mating factor
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signaling molecule secreted by yeast cells to communicate to nearby yeast cells that they are available to mate and communicating their mating orientation |
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neurotransmitter
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chemical ligand that carries a signal from one nerve cell to the next |
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paracrine signal
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signal between nearby cells that is delivered by ligands traveling in the liquid medium in the space between the cells |
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phosphatase
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enzyme that removes the phosphate group from a molecule that has been previously phosphorylated |
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phosphodiesterase
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enzyme that degrades cAMP, producing AMP, to terminate signaling quorum sensing method of cellular communication used by bacteria that informs them of the abundance of similar (or different) bacteria in the environment |
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receptor
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protein in or on a target cell that bind to ligands |
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second messenger
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small, non-protein molecule that propagates a signal within the cell after activation of a receptor causes its release |
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signal integration
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interaction of signals from two or more different cell-surface receptors that merge to activate the same response in the cell |
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signal transduction
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propagation of the signal through the cytoplasm (and sometimes also the nucleus) of the cell |
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signaling cell
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cell that releases signal molecules that allow communication with another cell signaling pathway (also signaling cascade) chain of events that occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell to propagate the signal from the plasma membrane to produce a response |
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synaptic signal
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chemical signal (neurotransmitter) that travels between nerve cells target cell cell that has a receptor for a signal or ligand from a signaling cell |