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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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CANCER
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~conditions which normal body cells mutate & replicate to form tumors.
~migration takes place via direct contact w/ nearby tissue, circulatory sys. &/or lymph. sys. |
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METASTASIS
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process by which cells migrate to other locations.
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DIFFERENTIATION
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process by which normal cells undergo physical & structural changes as they develop to form different tissues of the body.
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DYSPLASIA
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general category indicating a disorganized set of cells in which adult cells vary from normal size, shape or organization.
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METAPLASIA
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1st level of dysplasia that is reversible & benign cell changes from one type to another.
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HYPERPLASIA
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increase in # of cells in tissue resulting in increase in tissue mass.
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TUMORS/NEOPLASMS
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abnormal growth of new tissue that serve no useful purpose & may harm the host organism.
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TUMOR FORMATION & SPREADING
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~oncogenes activated in cell by carcinogen, causing malignancy.
~proliferation of malignant cells ~est. of blood supply. ~invasion of local tissue. ~migration to other areas via direct contact, circ. sys., or lymph. sys. ~colonization in new location. |
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COMMON SITES OF METASTATIC DISEASE
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lung, liver, bone, brain, lymph glands
~any organ next to primary site. |
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CAUSES OF CANCER (INTERNAL)
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inherited genes, hormonal problems, immune system dysfunction, cell "refusal to die"
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CAUSES OF CANCER (EXTERNAL)
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HIV, HEP B , epstein-barre, HPV, HSV II, carcinogen, lifestyle
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RISK FACTORS FOR CANCER
(NON-MODIFIABLE) |
advancing age, gender, ethnicity, heredity
* |
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RISK FACTORS (MODIFIABLE)
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tobacco, alcohol, poor nutrition, exposure, sexual/reproductive, geographic location, occupation, stress, precancerous lesions
*combination of both~exposure to viruses |
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COMMON TERMINOLOGY TO KNOW
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primary tumor, secondary tumor, malignant, benign, carcinogen, metastasis, carcinoma, melanoma, sarcoma, lymphoma
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SAFEGUARDS AGAINST CANCER
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breast exams, pap smear, rectal exams, smoking cessation, dental exams, avoid sun, regular physicals
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GENERAL SIGNS OF CANCER
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sore throat that doesn't heal, bowl/bladder dysfunction, unusual bleeding/draining, thickening/lump in breast or elsewhere, wart/mole change, persistent cough/hoarseness, fatigue, pain
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HOW IS CANCER DIAGNOSED?
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exam, radiograph, CT scan or MRI, ultrasound, endoscopy, biopsy
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TYPES OF SCREENING TESTS
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mammograms, pap/pelvic exam, prostate antigen blood test, rectal exam, colonoscopy, regular dental exam
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STAGES OF CANCER
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0-abnormal cells, no metastasis
1-small tumor, " " 2-larger tumor, OR signs of metastasis 3-" " AND signs " " 4-further metastasis, to other side of diaphragm |
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TREATMENT
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surgery-remove tumor, surrounding healthy tissue, sentinal node-others if needed
chemotherapy-attack fast growing cells bone marrow transplant radiation therapy-can target specific areas of cells to kill or slow growth |
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TREATMENT (CONT.)
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hormones-limit secretions of certain hormones
hypothermia-used in skin & cervical cancers to kill cells biologic therapy-working on vaccines stem cell implantation-for leukemia |
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RADIATION SIDE EFFECTS
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erythema & burns, decreased blood count, diarrhea, fatigue, headache, fragility of blood vessels, anorexia, radiation sickness
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CHEMO SIDE EFFECTS
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decreased blood count, constipation/diarrhea, fatigue, fever, hair loss, cold intolerance, nausea, skin rash, weight loss/pain, immunosuppression
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SURGERY SIDE EFFECTS
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blood clots, bleeding, fatigue, increased pain, infection, lymphedema, deformity
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PREVENTION OF CANCER
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control fat, eat fruits, veggies & whole grain, exercise, protect skin from sun, smoking cessation, alcohol moderation, safe sex, cancer screening methods
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LUNG CANCER
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leading cause of cancer deaths in US
-smoking, environ. toxins, presence of other lung disorders -coughing, dyspnea, sputum production, fatigue, weight loss, weakness, hemoptysis -side of both primary & metastatic disease -detected on xray |
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TREATMENT OF LUNG CANCER
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treatment may include resection, radiation, chemotherapy
prognosis is poor due late detection |
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GASTRIC CANCER
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-common site for metastatic lymphoma
-gastric adenocarcinoma-primary CA |
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RISK FACTORS FOR GASTRIC CANCER
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chronic gastritis, GERD, H. pylori infection
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SIGNS & SYMPTOMS OF GASTRIC CANCER
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indigestion, anorexia, weight loss
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TREATMENT OF GASTRIC CANCER
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surgical resection, chemo, radiation therapy
prognosis is poor due to late detection |
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PANCREATIC CANCER
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pancreatic adenocarcinoma-most common
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RISK FACTORS FOR PANCREATIC CANCER
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smoking, males, gastric ulcers, advancing age
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SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF PANCREATIC CANCER
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anorexia, nausea, weight loss
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TREATMENT FOR PANCREATIC CANCER
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palliative care, resection possible although prognosis poor
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COLORECTAL TUMORS AND CANCER
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polyps, benign tumors, malignant tumors, adenocarcinoma
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SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS FOR COLORECTAL ADENOCARCINOMAS
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asymptomatic at first, change in bowels, bright red blood in stool, obstruction
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MANAGEMENT OF COLORECTAL CANCER
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preventative exams, surgical removal, chemo, radiation
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PROSTATE CANCER
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growth of cancerous cells in prostate, slow growing can metastasize
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SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF PROSTATE CANCER
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urine frequency, hematuria, decreased urinary stream
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TREATMENT FOR PROSTATE CANCER
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radiation, surgery, chemo
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OSTEOSARCOMA
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rapidly destructive tumor found in children and adolescents
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SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF OSTEOSARCOMA
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bone pain, tenderness upon palpation, loss ROM, metastasis easily to lung
TREATMENT-surgical removal |
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HODGKINS LYMPHOMA
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cancer of the lymphatic system
-occurs primarily in young adults & geriatric population |
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SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF HL
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swelling of lymph glands, fatigue, fever, pruritis, weight loss, night sweats
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NON-HODGKINS LYMPHOMA
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solid tumor in lymph. sys, linked to smoking, PCB's, HIV
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SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF NON-HODGKINS LYMPHOMA
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swelling of lymph glands, fatigue, fever, pruritis, weight loss, night sweats
similar signs/symptoms to tuberculosis, systemic lupus erythmatosis, lung cancer, bone cancer |
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TREATMENT OF NHL
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radiation, chemo
prognosis is good only if regionally involved |
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LEUKEMIA
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malignant neoplasm of blood forming cells.
acute/chronic-involving lymphatic system (lymphocytic) or bone marrow (myelogenous) |
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SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF LEUKEMIA
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high fever, infection, thrombocytopenia, gingival bleeding
prognosis is fatal if untreated |
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SKIN CANCER
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1 basal cell carcinoma
2 squamous cell carcinoma 3 melanoma |
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RISK FACTORS OF SKIN CANCER
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complexion
genetics age sun exposure |
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SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF SKIN CANCER
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small, shiny/waxy, scaly, rough, firm, red, crusty, bleeding
borders-irregular color-tan, brown, black, purple, white, blue, red asymmetry-1/2 of normal skin is different than other diameter-greater than 6mm |
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TREATMENT OF SKIN CANCER
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removal, sunscreen, cover up exposed skin
prognosis good if detected early |
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BREAST CANCER
2 TYPES |
ductal-starts in tubes that bring milk to the nipple
lobular-gland itself |
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RISK FACTORS FOR BREAST CANCER
(MODIFIABLE) |
Alcohol, nullipara, pregnancy after 30, DES, HRT, obesity, radiation
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RISK FACTORS FOR BREAST CANCER
(NON-MODIFIABLE) |
age, gender, genetics, menstrual cycle, before age 12 & menopause, after age 55
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SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF BREAST CANCER
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bone pain, breast pain or discomfort, skin ulcers, swelling of one arm, weight loss, lump, drainage from nipple
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TREATMENT OF BREAST CANCER
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chemo, radiation, lumpectomy, mastectomy, hormone therapy (blocks certain hormones), targeted cell therapy
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OVARIAN CANCER
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cancer in ovary, 1:67 contract, 5th most common in women
-causes more deaths than any other female reproductive cancer -cause is unknown -use of fertility drugs, high fat diet, childhood mumps, talc use, asbestos exp. |
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SIGNS SYPMTOMS AND TREATMENT OF OVARIAN CANCER
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abdominal pain, abnormal mens.cycle, increased gas, bloating, excessive hair growth
pelvic exam-MRI, CT scan, ultrasoun treatment-removal of Dx, chemo, radiation prognosis is poor |
