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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Set Point |
Goal; reference point; what the internal environment SHOULD be |
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Feedback Information |
Actual; What the internal environment IS |
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Error Signal |
Any deviation between the feedback information compared to the set point |
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effectors |
effect change in the internal environment; a control system |
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Control Systems |
controlled by commands from the regulatory systems |
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Regulatory System |
Obtain, process, and integrate information, then issues commands |
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Sensors |
provides the feedback information to be compared to the internal set point |
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Negative Feedback |
most common use of sensory information; counteracts the influence that created the error signal |
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Positive Feedback |
amplifies a reaction; increases deviation from set point; reaches a limit and terminates quickly
(i.e. peeing, pooping, sexual behavior, child birth) |
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Feedforward Information |
changes the set point; this information takes precedence over the current set point; predicts a change in the internal environment before it occurs
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Epithelial Tissue |
creates boundaries between the inside and the outside of the body and in between body compartments; line the blood vessels and make up various ducts and tubules
roles: filtration and transportation across barriers; proved info to nervous system (taste and smell receptors) |
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Stratified Epithelial |
layers |
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Columnar Epithelial |
single layer of tall, densely packed cells |
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Muscle Tissue |
most abundant in the body and use the most energy produced; contain the protein polymers myosin and actin |
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Actin and Myosin role |
interact to cause muscle cells to contract and exert force |
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Skeletal Muscle |
Attached to the skeleton; voluntary and involuntary; locomotion and other body movements
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Cardiac Muscles |
in the walls of the heart; involuntary; responsible for the beating of the heart and pumping blood; branched (gives structural support and strength) |
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Smooth Muscle |
Lines the gut, and other hollow organs; involuntary; generation of forces in hollow organs such as gut bladder and blood vessels |
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Connective Tissue |
cells embedded in extracellular matrix that the secrete; protein fibers (Collagen, elastin, cartilage and bone, adipose, and blood) that provide a netlike framework, giving shape and structural strength |
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Collagen |
strong and resistant to stretch; 25% of total body protein; skin and connections between bones and muscles |
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Elastin |
can stretch several times its size and recoil; in the walls of lungs and large arteries (in organs that stretch regularly) |
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Cartilage |
network or collagen fibers embedded in a flexible matrix consisting of a protein carbohydrate complex and a chondrocyte; lines the joints of vertebrates; resistant to compressive forces; provides structural support for flexible structures (external ears and nose) |
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Adipose |
"fat"-- stores lipids; major source of stored energy; cushions organs, and provides a barrier to heat loss |
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Nervous Tissue |
Composed of glial cells (NO electric signals) and Neurons |
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Glial Cells |
NO electric signal but provide supporting functions to neurons |
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Neuron |
Made up of the cell body, axon, and dendrites; encode info as electrical signals and release chemicals (neurotransmitters); control the activities of most organs; |
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Q10 = 1 |
not temperature sensitive |
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Q10 = 2 |
rate doubles as temp increase by 10 C |
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Q10 = 3 |
rate triples as temp increases by 10 C |
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Q10 |
measures temperature sensitivity; most values are between 2 and 3; not all biochemical reactions that constitute the metabolism have the same Q10 (which is why change in animals body temp is disruptive) |
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Acclimatize |
the process that means metabolic functions are less sensitive to long term changes in temperature than to short term |
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Ectotherm |
animals whose body temps are determined primarily by external heat sources; behavioral thermoregulation most |
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Endotherm |
animals who regulate their body temps by producing heat metabolically or by using active mechanism of heat loss; (i.e. mammals and birds most of the time); "leaky" cells; use more energy to keep the concentration gradient; behavioral thermoregulation to stay comfy |
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Heterotherm |
Behaves like an ectotherm at times and an endotherm at other times; (i.e. mammals that hibernate) |
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Endotherm vs. Ectotherm |
cells of endotherms are less efficient at using energy than the cells of ectotherms; cells of endotherms tend to be more "leaky"; Endotherms must expend more energy than ectotherms to maintain the ion concentration gradients; difference in resting metabolic rate and response to change in environmental temp |
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K+ |
dominant positive ion INSIDE cell |
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Na+ |
dominant positive ion OUTSIDE cell
"naaaaaaa man, leave" |
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Radiation |
Heat transfers from warmer objects to cooler ones via the exchange of inferred radiation (i.e. fire) |
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Convection |
Heat transfers to a surrounding medium such as air or water as that medium flows over a surface (i.e. wind chill); heat can enter body this way too ((-) in the energy budget)
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Conduction |
Heat transfers directly when objects of two different temps come into contact; heat can enter body this way too ((-) in the energy budget) |
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Evaporation |
Heat transfers away from a surface when water evaporates on that surface (i.e. sweating) |
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Energy budget |
total balance of heat production and heat exchange; heat coming in = metabolism and solar radiation; heat going out = Radiation, convection, conduction, and evaporation; |
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How is blood flow to the skin work? |
heat from the body core is brought to the skin by the blood and is lost to the environment via the 4 heat loss avenues and brings the body temp down; stop the flow and heat loss by constricting the blood vessels |