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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Exchange Surface |
A specialised area that is adapted to make it easier for molecules to cross from one side of the surface to the other. |
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Metabolism |
All the chemical reactions that take place in the cells of an organism. |
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Gaseous exchange |
The movement of gases by diffusion between an organism and its environment across a barrier (e.g. alveolus wall) |
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Plasma membrane/ Cell surface membrane |
The membrane that surrounds every cell, forming the selectively permeable boundary between the cell and its environment. |
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Lumen |
The cavity in a tubular structure |
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Diaphragm |
A sheet of muscular and fibrous tissue separating the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity. |
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Intercostal muscles |
Muscles between the ribs, responsible for moving the rib cage during breathing. |
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Transport |
The movement of substances (oxygen, nutrients, hormones, waste and heat) around the body. |
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Pulmonary Circulation |
The circulation of blood through the lungs. |
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Systemic circulation |
The circulation that carries blood around the body, excluding the circulation to the lungs. |
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The heart |
A muscular pump that creates pressure (blood pressure) to propel blood through the arteries and around the body. |
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Coronary arteries |
Arteries that carry blood to the heart muscle. |
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Angina |
Intense pain, starting at the chest due to insufficient supply of blood to the heart. |
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Myocardial infarction |
The medical term for a heart attack. |
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Tendinous cords |
String-like tendons used to attach the atrioventricular valves to the heart to the sides of the ventricle wall. Sometimes called heart strings. |
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Septum |
A wall of muscle in the heart that separates the ventricles from each other. |
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Semilunar valves |
Valves between the ventricles and the main arteries leading out of the heart, which prevent backflow of blood. |
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Ventricles |
The lower chambers in the heart. |
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Vena cava |
Either of two large veins (superior/inferior) that carry deoxygenated blood from the body back to the heart. |
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Atrium |
One of the upper chambers in the heart. |
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Cardiac cycle |
The sequence of events in one heartbeat. |
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Atrioventricular valves
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Valves between the atria and ventricles that prevent backflow of blood.
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Diastole |
The period when the heart muscle in the ventricles is relaxing and blood pressure is at its lowest. |
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Systole |
The stage of the heart cycle in which the heart muscle contracts to pump blood. |
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Myogenic |
Describes muscle tissue (heart muscle) that generates its own contractions. (without a neural stimuli). |
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Sinoatrial node (SAN) |
The heart's pacemaker. It is a small patch of tissue that sends out waves of electrical excitation at regular intervals to initiate contractions. |
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Purkyne tissue |
Specially adapted muscle fibres that conduct the wave of excitation from the AVN down the suptum to the ventricles. |
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Fibrillation |
A state/condition in which the chambers in the heart contract out of rhythm. |
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Electrocardiogram (ECG) |
A trace (graph) showing the electrical activity of the heart muscle (atria and ventricles) during a cycle. |
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Peristalsis |
Muscular contractions to squeeze/push contents a canal along. |
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Endothelium |
A tissue that lines the inside of a structure, such as a blood vessel. |
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Smooth muscle |
A type of muscle (involuntary) found mostly in certain internal organs and involved in involuntary movements such as peristalsis. |
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Tissue Fluid |
The fluid, derived from blood plasma that surrounds the cells in a tissue. |
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Lymph |
A colourless fluid containing white blood cells. |
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Erythrocytes |
Red Blood cells. |
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Plasma proteins |
Proteins made in the liver that are found in blood plasma. |
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Leucocytes/leukocytes |
White blood cells. |
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Platelets |
Fragments of cells in the blood that play a part in blood clotting. |
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Hydrostatic pressure |
Pressure created by a fluid pushing against the sides of a container. |
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Facilitated Diffusion |
The passive movement of molecules across membranes down their concentration gradient, which is aided by transport (channel or carrier) protein molecules. No metabolic energy is required. |
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Water potential |
A measure of the ability of water molecules to move freely in solution. Measures the potential for a solution to lose water - water moves from a solution with high water potential to one of a lower water potential. Water potential is decreased by the presence of solutes. |
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Affinity |
An attractive force between substances or particles. |
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Dissociation |
The breakdown of a molecule into two molecules, atoms or ions. For example, the release of oxygen form oxyhaemoglobin. |
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Oxygen tension |
The amount of oxygen in the air expressed as the pressure created by the presence of oxygen, expressed in kilopascals (kPa). |
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Partial pressure |
The proportion of total pressure provided by a particular gas as part of a mixture of gases. |
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Oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve |
The curve on a graph showing the proportion of haemoglobin that is saturated with oxygen at different oxygen tensions. |
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Xylem Tissue |
Vascular tissue that transports water up the plant. |
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Phloem Tissue |
Vascular tissue that transports sugars and substances up and down the plant. |
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Conformational change |
The slight change of shape of a haemoglobin molecule after one oxygen molecule diffuses into it. It allows more oxygen molecules to diffuse into the haemoglobin easily. |
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Vascular bundles |
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Endodermis |
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Meristem cells |
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Pericycle |
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Cambium |
- |
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carbaminohaemoglobin |
The molecule resulting form the combination of carbon dioxide and haemoglobin. |
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Describe three ways carbon dioxide is transported in the blood |
-About 5% is dissolved directly in the plasma as CO2. -About 10% is combined with haemoglobin to form carbaminohaemoglobin. -About 85% is transported as hydrogencarbonate ions (HCO3^-) in the plasma |
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Chloride Shift |
The movement of chloride ions into red blood cells to balance the positive charge from the loss of negative hydrogencarbonate ions. |
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Carbonic Anhydrase |
The catalyst that catalyses the reactions between carbon dioxide and water. |
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Haemoglobinic acid |
The acid produced when haemoglobin takes up hydrogen ions. |
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A buffer |
A chemical system that resists changes in pH/maintain a constant pH by maintaining a constant level of hydrogen ions in solution. |
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The Bohr effect |
The effect of carbon dioxide concentration on the affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen. |
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Tidal volume |
The volume of air moved in and out of the lungs with each breath when at rest. |
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Vital capacity |
The largest volume of air that can be moved into and out of the lungs in any one breath. (varies between men and women/ people's size and age/level of fitness). |
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Residual volume |
The volume of air that always remains in the lungs even after the biggest possible exhalation. |
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Dead space |
The air in the bronchioles bronchi and trachea where there is no gas exchange with the blood. |
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Inspiratory reserve volume |
The amount of air that can be inspired above the normal tidal volume. This reserve can be used when exercising. |
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Expiratory reserve volume |
The amount of air that can be expired above the normal tidal volume. |
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Cartilage |
A flexible, slightly elastic connective tissue. |
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Goblet cells |
Mucus-secreting cells in epithelial tissue. |
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Epithelium |
Tissue that covers the outside of a structure. |
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Ciliated epithelium |
Epithelial cells that have cilia on their cell surface) |
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Cilia |
Short hair-like extensions of eukaryotic cells. Usually used to move fluids or mucus over a surface. |