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109 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Pytheas
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Made one of the 1st recorded voyages from the Mediterranean to England, and started navigating, tides/moon and more
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Eratosthenes
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From Egypt and mapped what he know of the world and found the circumference of the globe
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Ptolemy
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First world atlas, and established world boundaries
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Vikings
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Journeyed inland on rivers through Europe and western Asia, very good at travelling the northern Atlantic and discovered Iceland and Greenland
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Arab Traders
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Made great trade routes across the indian ocean and made a lot of money
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Columbus
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Accidentaly reached the Americas thinking it was athe indies because of innaccurate maps
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Amerigo Vespucci
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Traveled along the South American coast and accepted it as not being Asia but a different continent
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Ferdinand Magellan
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Found the southern tip of South America and crossed the Pacific
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Johannes Keplar
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Planetary Motion
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Galileo Galilei
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Theories of tidal motion
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Issac Newton
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Wrote Principia proving the law of gravity which explains tides
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James Cook
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Commander of the Endeavour which circumnavigated the globe and explored Australia and New Zealand
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Benjamin Franklin
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(Timothy Folgers cousin) charted the Gulf Stream and sped up travel with the trade winds
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Matthew Maury
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Founded the Naval Department of Charts which lead to faster and safer sea travel
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Charles Darwin
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Collected and classified organisms from land and sea.
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Edward Forbes
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(Ross' Uncle) Surveyed marine life around the British Isles and the Med and Aegean sea collecting deep sea organisms
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John Ross
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(Forbes' newphew) Arctic Explorer, deeper sea organisms collected
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Challenger Expedition
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"British Corvette" used steam power. Was for scientific purposes only and laid the foundation for the science of oceanography
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Fridtjof Nansen
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Arctic explorer basically freezing a ship in the ice and having it drift
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Fram
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"to push forward" the ship Nansen used in the drift
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Meteor
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First to use echo sounder to find depths of the ocean (German vessal)
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Herodotus
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First scientist to systematically collect information and test the results
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Nunez de Balboa
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became the first European to lead an expedition to have seen or reached the Pacific from the New World.
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Does Low pressure go to high pressure or high pressure go to low pressure?
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high to low
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Carl Sagen
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Cosmos, "cosmos is, was, and always will be"
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Cosmos
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the universe
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What type of rock is devils lake made of
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quartzite
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Fast rivers create small or large rocks?
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large
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What do vertical lines in rocks conclude?
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mountain building
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Metamorphism
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rocks that change shape from heat and or pressure. Form deep in earths surface
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Sedimentary
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bits and pieces of rock or debree that are glued together. Form in shallow areas
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Igneous
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Rocks crystalized from a liquid rock. They are formed and cooled very quickly
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Rivers or Oceans cause round rocks
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oceans
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James Hutton
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Found Sicker Point (Scottland)which is a great example of unconformity.
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Youngest to oldest Mesozoic,Paleozoic,Precambrian, and Cenozoic
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Precambrian Era, Paleozoic Era, Mesozoic Era, Cenozoic Era
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Precambrian Era
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4.6 Billion Years-570 Million years ago
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Paleozoic Era
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570 Million Years- 245 Million Years ago. Paleo (old) zoic (life). First shells found from this time
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Mesozoic Era
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245 Million Years- 65 Million Years ago. Meso (middle). Age of the dinosaurs.
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Cenozoic Era
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65 Million Years- Present. Mammals.
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Relative Geologic Time
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When something happened in relation to something else
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Absolute Geologic Time
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Exactly when something happened
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Principle of Superposition
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In layered undisturbed rocks the oldest are at the bottom and the youngest are at the top
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Principle of Cross Cutting Relationship
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Anything being cut is older than whats cutting it
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Principle of Faunal Succession
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If fossils are in seperate in horizontal lines you will never find the order out of succession. so if they are top to bottom A,B,C you will never find A below C or C above A etc.
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Radioactivity
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One element that changest to a different element.
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Whats the # of Protons?
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Atomic #
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Atomic # + Neutrons=
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Atomic Mass
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Whats a half life
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The time it takes for a half of the parent to break down to the daughter element
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To calculate how old something is what do you do?
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Takes the # of parents around now/# of parents around + # of daughters now. Then however halves that is you times that number by the HL
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What needs to be true to make the equation for HL true
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No daughters can produce anything. The decay rate has to be constant. Assumption of a closed system (stuff isn't getting out of the rock)
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Whats the max amount of half lives something can have?
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7
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What are the 4 layers of the earth from inner most to outter most
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Inner core (solid, iron and nickle) outer core (liquid, iron and nickle) Mantle (Iron and magnesium)Crust (egg shell)
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Characteristics of Oceanic Crust: Location
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Under Ocean basins
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Characteristics of Oceanic Crust: Whats it made of?
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Basaltic Rocks. (Igneous)
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Characteristics of Oceanic Crust: What color are the rocks?
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Dark Colors (Shallow=cold=fast crystalization) Fine Grained
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Characteristics of Oceanic Crust: Iron and Silicon make up?
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High Iron, Low Silicon
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Characteristics of Oceanic Crust: Density
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High Density
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Characteristics of Oceanic Crust: Thin or thick
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thin
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Characteristics of Continental Crust: Location
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Under continents
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Characteristics of Continental Crust: Whats it made of
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Granite Igneous Rocks
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Characteristics of Continental Crust: Rock characteristics
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Course grained, different colors, so it developed slowly. Deep=hot=slow=light colors
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Characteristics of Continental Crust: Iron and Silicon make up
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Low Iron, High Silicon
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Characteristics of Continental Crust: Density
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Low
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Characteristics of Continental Crust: Thick or Thin
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Thick
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Whats the Lithosphere and what are some characteristics
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its the crust and upper matle. Cool and brittle. Floating on the Asthenosphere
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Is the Lithospheric Oceanic Plate fluid or sticky?
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fluid
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is the lithospheric Continental plate fluid or sticky
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sticky
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Are oceanic plates higher than continental or lower? and why
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lower, because continental are less dense and thicker
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Continental Drift? Why could this be true?
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Proposed by Wegener. Look at the shapes of the continents, rock types, and fossils.
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What made the idea of Continental drift more accepted?
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Sea Floor Spreading.
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Is oceanic lithosphere or continental lithosphere younger and why?
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Oceanic because it is continually being created and destroyed.
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What are the 3 types of plate boundaries?
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Divergent (<--I-->) Convergent (-->I<--) and Transform ^Iv.
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Higher Temperature creates Higher Velocity which creates what density
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decrease in density so it would float
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Whats the formula to find the depth of the ocean through sonar?
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d=v x t/2
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Divergent plates have a fast or slow spreading rate?
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fast
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which ocean has a faster spreading rate?
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pacific?
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What connects divergent plate boundaries?
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transform plate boundaries
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What temperature creates stronger earthquakes?
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cold (glass blower)
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How strong are the volcanoes in a transform plate boundary?
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n/a
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Whats a good exampkle of a transform plate boundary?
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san andreas fault
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Ex of a divergent plate boundary
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MOR
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Landforms of divergent plates
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ridge
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volcanoes on a divergent plate?
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yes, non explosive
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What is the only kind of divergent?
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ocean ocean
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eqs in a divergent?
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yes weak (near magma) and only shallow
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whats the distance of oceanic plates?
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0-70 km
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whats the distance of continental plates?
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70-150 km
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Ocean Ocean Transform land forms?
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remains flat except for the fracture zones
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ocean ocean transform volcanoes
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none
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ocean ocean transform eqs
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Yes, but weak because they are near magma
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continent continent transform boundaries ex
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san andreas fault
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c-c transform landforms
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flat with fracture zones
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c-c transform volcanoes
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no volcanoes
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c-c transform eqs
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shallow and intermediate. Very powerful
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what is the difference between lvl 1 eq and lvl 2 eq
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30x stronger
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what is considered a big one for eqs
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8 mags
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o-c convergent landforms
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trenches and composite cones
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o-c convergent volcanoes
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yes, explosive
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o-c convergent eqs
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all types because of subduction but they are weak
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o-o convergent landforms
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trenches and some crests
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o-o convergent volcanoes
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non explosive
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o-o convergent eqs
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all depths, very strong. Strongest are at the surface
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c-c convergent ex
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himalayas
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c-c convergent landforms
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mountain ranges
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c-c convergent volcanoes
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none
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c-c convergent eq's
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shallow and intermediate, very strong.
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what type of rocks are volcanoes
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basalt
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pahoehoe is smooth or rough
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smooth
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aa is smooth or rough
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rough
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