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77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Percent of Earth covered in ocean
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70.8%
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Oceans contain ____% of surface water
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97.2
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What two oceans are close in size for second biggest?
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Alantic and indian Ocean (Alantic is bigger)
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What is the biggest Ocean?
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pacific
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List the five oceans
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pacific
Alantic Indian Arctic Antartic |
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Which Ocean is the smallest and shallowst?
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Artic
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Deepest part of Ocean
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Mariana trench (36,161 ft deep)
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Where is the Mariana trench located?
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Pacific Ocean near Japan
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What is the average depth of water?
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12,234 ft
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What is the average land elevation?
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2,756 ft
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Percent of Earth covered in ocean
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70.8%
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Oceans contain ____% of surface water
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97.2
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What two oceans are close in size for second biggest?
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Alantic and indian Ocean (Alantic is bigger)
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What is the biggest Ocean?
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pacific
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List the five oceans
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pacific
Alantic Indian Arctic Antartic |
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Which Ocean is the smallest and shallowst?
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Artic
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Deepest part of Ocean
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Mariana trench (36,161 ft deep)
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Where is the Mariana trench located?
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Pacific Ocean near Japan
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What is the average depth of water?
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12,234 ft
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What is the average land elevation?
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2,756 ft
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List some of the fields of study in Oceanography
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Marine Geology, Marine Biology, Physical Oceanography, Chemical oceanography, marine engineering
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How were pacific islanders able to travel long distances?
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small islands were widely distributed/ and many were forced to leave
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What group explored the Mediterranean Sea, Africa and the british isles and why did they travel?
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Phonicians and trade
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Who reached Iceland in 325 B.C.?
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The greek Pytheas
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Who created one of the first maps in 150 A.D.
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Ptolemy(WIKI)
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What group explored the N. Alantic Ocean, Iceland, and Greenland?
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Vikings
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Who discovered Vinland in 995 AD
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Leif Eriksson
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What (Viking) settlements were abandoned my 1450 AD?
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Greenland and Vinland
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Why were people exploring the oceans after 1492?
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Search for new trade routes
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What country explored trade routes around Africa?
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Portugal
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Prince Henry the Navigator was from what country?
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Portugal
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Where did Europeans explore?
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North and South America
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Name two European explorers
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Cabot, Columbus
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Who was the dominant naval power prior to 1588?
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The Spanish (armada)
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Who was the dominant naval power after 1588?
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British Isles
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Who was one of the first captains who set sail for science?
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James Cook
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What were the three ships that Cook captained
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HMS Endevour, Resolution, Adventure
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What gave Captain Cook the edge in ocean exploration?
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Marine Chronograph (watch)
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What were some of Cook's contributions to science?
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mapped islands in the Pacific
systematically measured ocean characteristics |
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What explorer discovered worldwide patterns of wind and ocean currents?
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Maury
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What is a nebula?
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cloud of gas and space dust
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What two elements make up a nebula?
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Hydrogen and Helium
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According to the nebular hypothesis how was the sun formed?
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Gravity concentrates material at the center of the cloud
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According to the nebular hypothesis how were the protoplanets formed?
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smaller concentrations (than the sun) of matter in the nebula
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What kind of composition did protoearth have?
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Homogeneous
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How do we believe the moon was formed?
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During this time the earth was bombarded by meteorites, but the moon formed with a large asteroid collided with the earth
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What effect did solar radiation have on protoearth's atmosphere?
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-initial atmosphere boiled away
-ionized particles (solar wind) swept away nebular gases |
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What creates radioactive heat?
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spontaneous disintegration of atoms
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Where did the heat necessary to partially melt protoearth come from?
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the contraction due to gravity
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What does density stratification mean?
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Layered earth
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Where is the densest material on the earth?
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the core
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Where is the least densest material on the earth?
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the crust
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What is the chemical composition of the crust? (density/elements)
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Low density and mainly silicate materials
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What elements make up the mantle?
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Fe +Mg and silicate materials
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What elements make up the core?
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Fe + Ni
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what is the lithosphere and what are some characteristics?
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crust, rigid, brittle
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What is the asthenosphere and what are some characteristics?
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under crust, warm, plastic, able to flow
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where is the mesosphere located?
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under the asthenosphere.
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What are the characteristics of Ocean Crust?
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-underlies ocean basin
-igneous rock basalt -thickness 8 km (5 miles) -relatively high density |
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What are the characteristics of Continental Crust?
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-Underlies continents
-Igneous Rock granite -average thickness 35 km (22 miles) lower density |
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What is Isostatic adjustment?
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Buoyancy
less dense "floats" higher than more dense |
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What did partial melting result in?
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Outgassing
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what is released from outgassing?
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mostly water vapor
but carbon dioxide hydrogen and other gases like methane and ammonia |
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How did the oceans become salty>
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rain dissolved rocks
dissolved compounds (ions) accumulated in ocean stays constant |
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where was earliest fossilized life discovered?
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ocean
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who did the experiment that said that organic molecules were formed by ultra violet light, electricity, a mixture of water and carbon dioxide, hydrogen methane and ammonia?
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Stanley Miller
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Who proposed the idea of one large continent
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Wegener
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What is the name of the one large continent?
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Pangea
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what is the name of the ocean that surrounded the one large continent
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Panthalassa
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Who discovered that mid ocean ridge is a site of new ocean crust
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Harry Hess
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Oceanic Trench is a where what kind of tectonic fault thingy is?
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subduction
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Heat flow is highest at crest of what?
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mid-ocean ridge
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What are the characteristics of divergent boundaries?
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Plates move apart
mid ocean rift rift valley new ocean floor created shallow earthquakes (mid Atlantic ridge) |
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What are the differences between Oceanic rise, oceanic ridge?
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rise - fast spreading gentle slopes
ridge- slow spreading, steep slops |
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What are the characteristics of convergent boundaries?
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plates move towards each other
oceanic crust destroyed (oceanic trench, volcanic arc) deep earth quakes |
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Transform boundary features
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shallow but strong earthquakes
perpendicular to mid ocean ridge |
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What is wilsons cycle?
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-life cycle of ocean basins
formation growth destruction |