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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
from video:
atkins diet (all fat, no carb) and Japanese diet (all carb, no fat) both work. Why? |
eliminating FRUCTOSE
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from video:
What was the video with the Dr Robert Lustig concerning diet about? |
too much fructose, too little fiber and their effects on insulin
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Most of our dietary sulfur is supplied by
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protein
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Most dietary chloride comes from
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table salt
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most variation of BMR depends on
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lean body mass
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basal energy needs include energy for
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respiration
circulation maitenance of temp |
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T or F
Negative energy balance energy intake < energy expended |
True
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burning food in a chamber surrounded by water
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bomb calorimeter
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______ numbers have been adjusted for digestibility and substances that can't be used for energy
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Atwater numbers
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3 types of energy output
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basal met
physical activity digestion, absorption, etc |
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basal met is defined as
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minimum energy expended to keep a resting, awake body alive
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basal met is approx ___% of the total energy needs
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60-70%
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physical activity will increase energy expenditure beyond BMR by ___%
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25-40%
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TEF
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Thermic Effect of Food
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energy used to digest, absorb, and met food nutrients
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TEF
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T or F
TEF of carbs is more than fat |
True
protein > carb > fat |
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2 types of thermogenesis
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nonvoluntary physical activity
brown adipose tissue |
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How does brown adipose actually waste energy by heat?
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proteins uncouple energy release from ATP production
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"sales tax" of total energy consumed
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TEF
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approx 5-10% of total energy consumed
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TEF
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6 ways to determine energy use
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direct calorimetry
indirect calorimetry stable isotopes Estimated Energy Requirements (EER) Harris-Benedict equation MyPyramid.gov |
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measures heat output from the body using and insulated chamber
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direct calorimetry
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measures the amount of oxygen a person uses
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indirect calorimetry
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test by consuming water with 2H and 18O and measuring the isotopes in the body fluids
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stable isotopes
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4 categories of activity levels in an EER chart
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sedementary
low activity active very active |
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estimates resting energy needs
considers height, weight, age, and gender |
Harris-Benedict equation
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physiological drive to eat
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hunger
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psychological drive to eat
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appetite
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key satiety regulator
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hypothalamus
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a hormone produced by the adipose tissue that increases with larger fat mass (and decreases desire to eat)
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leptin
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T or F
Leptin increases with lower fat mass |
False
Increases with larger fat mass Decreases with lower fat mass |
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leptin acts to decrease activity of
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neuropetide Y
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2 functions of neuropetide Y
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increases food intake
reduces energy expenditure |
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natural body tranquilizer that can prompt you to eat
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endorphins
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along with GI distention, decreases hunger
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CCK
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stomach hormone that triggers eating
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Ghrelin
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neurotransmitter that is released as a result of CHO intake; high levels promote calmness and decrease desire to eat
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Serotonin
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signal satiety from the small intestine
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nutrient receptors
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T or F
presence of energy yielding nutrient registers satiety in brain |
True
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________ on the chylomicrons signal satiety in the brain
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apolipoprotein A-IV
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T or F
appetite is affected by a variety of internal forces |
False
external forces |
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Do internal and external signals operate simultaneously?
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Yes
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______ phase prepares the body for a meal
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cephalic phase
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Do weight/height tables predict longevity for individuals or populations?
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Populations
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What is the preferred weight-for-height standard
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BMI
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healthy BMI
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18.5 - 24.9
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health risks start at ____ BMI
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25
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To estimate ideal body weight:
Women - ___lbs for first ___ft + ___ lbs for every inch over. Men - ___lbs for first ___ ft + ___lbs for every inch over. |
women - 100 lbs. first 5 ft and 5 lbs for every inch over
men - 106 lbs. first 5 ft + 6 lbs for every in over |
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Obese BMI
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30-39.9
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Superobese BMI
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>40
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desirable body fat:
men women |
men - 8-24%
women - 21-35% |
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most accurate for determining body fat content weight
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underwater weighing
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BodPod
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estimating body fat by (Air displacement)
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T or F
Body density = body weight / body volume |
True
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use calipers to determine subcutaneous fat
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skinfold thickness
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low-energy current to the body that measures the resistance to determine body fat
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Bioelectrical impedance analysis
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and X -ray body scan that allows for the determination of body fat
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Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry
(also used to study osteoporosis) |
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Is "android" obesity upper or lower body obesity?
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upper body
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android obesity causes what problem with the liver?
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abdominal fat is released into the liver affecting ability to clear insulin and lipoprotein
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lower-body obesity
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"Gynecoid "obesity
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T or F
Gynecoid obesity is influenced by testosterone and alcohol. |
False
Android (upper body) |
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Android obesity is defined as waist measurements of how much?
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men - >40"
women - >35" |
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kind of body fat distribution that is influenced by estrogen and progesterone
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gynecoid (lower body)
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after menopause, which tends to develop, android or gynecoid obesity?
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genecoid (lower body)
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T or F
Android obesity has a higher health risk than gynecoid obesity. |
True
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to supply the body with 100 Kcals, how much must be consumed?
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105 - 110 Kcals
this is due to the TEF |
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BMR declines ___% each decade past 30 years old
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1 - 2%
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T or F
1 Kcal = amount of energy rqd to increase temp of 1 kg 1 degree C |
True
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Low energy intake decreases basal metabolism by ____%
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10 - 20% or 150 - 300 Kcals
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T or F
TEF is higher for fat rich meals than protein rich meals |
False
protein rich higher than both CHO and fat rich meals |
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NEAT
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Non Exercise Activity Thermogenesis
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hormone which main function is energy conservation during periods of inadequate food supply
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Leptin
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other factors besides height/weight chart to determine a healthy weight
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fam hist
hypertension elevated LDL, glucose, TGLs pattern of fat distribution |
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4 hormones involved in long-term regulation of energy balance
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insulin
leptin ghrelin peptide YY3-36 |
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Why are women's fat levels higher than men's
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"sex specific" fat associated with reproductive function
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