Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
78 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the water-soluble vitamins?
|
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)
Vitamin B Complex Thiamin Riboflavin Niacin B6 (pyridoxine) Folate (180-200 micrograms) B12 (cobalamin) |
|
What are the Fat-Soluble vitamins?
|
Vitamin A (retinol, retinal, retinioc acid)= 800-1000 Retinal Equivalent
Vitamin D (cholecalciferol, ergosterol) Vitamin E Vitamin K (65-80 micrograms) |
|
What are the Macrominerals or Electrolytes?
|
Calcium at lease 800 mg
Phosphorus Magnesium Sodium 500 mg Potassium 1600-2000 mg |
|
What are the Microminerals?
|
Iron 10-15 mg
Iodine |
|
What are the sources and functions of Vitamin C?
|
Sources: Citrus Fruits, broccoli, green pepper, strawberries, greens
Functions: Collagen formation, antioxidant, enhances iron absorption |
|
What are the sources and functions of Vitamin B Complex Thiamin?
|
Sources: Pork, liver, whole and enriched grains, legumes
Function: Coenzyme in key energy reactions |
|
What are the sources and functions of Riboflavin?
|
Sources: Dairy, organ meats, enriched grains, greens
Function: Nutrient metabolism |
|
What are the sources and functions of Niacin?
|
Sources: Grains, lean meat, nuts
Function: Nutrient metabolism |
|
What are the sources and functions of B6 (pyridoxine)?
|
Sources: Fruit and dark leafy vegetables
Functions: Coenzymes in metabolism |
|
What are the sources and functions of Folate (180-200 micrograms)?
|
Sources: Green leafy vegetables, liver
Function: RNA and DNA synthesis, formation and maturation of RBC |
|
What are the sources and functions of B12 (cobalamin)?
|
Sources: Only animal and fortified foods: organ meats, meat, seafood.
Function: Coenzyme in protein metabolism and formation of heme portion of hemoglobin |
|
What are the sources and functions of Vitamin A (retinol, retinal, retinoic acid)- 800-1000 Retinal Equivalent?
|
Sources: Liver, carrots, egg yolk, fortified milk
Functions: Visual acuity, healthy skin and mucous membranes |
|
What are the sources and functions of Vitamin D (cholecalciferol, ergosterol)?
|
Sources: Sunlight, fortified milk, fish liver oils
Functions: Calcium and phosphorus metabolism, stimulates calcium absorption |
|
What are the sources and functions of Vitamin E?
|
Sources: vegetable oils, wheat germ, whole grain products
Functions: Antioxidant, protects vitamin A, heme synthesis |
|
What are the sources and functions of Vitamin K (65-80 micrograms)?
|
Sources: Dark, green leafy vegetables; synthesized in intestines from gut bacteria
Functions: Blood clotting |
|
What are the sources and functions of Calcium (at least 800 mg)?
|
Sources: Dairy, canned fish with bones, greens
Functions: Bones and tooth formation, blood clotting, nerve transmission, muscle contraction |
|
What are the sources and functions of Phosphorus?
|
Sources: soft drinks, processed foods, dairy
Functions: Bone and tooth formation, acid-bone balance, energy metabolism |
|
What are the sources and functions of Magnesium?
|
Sources: Green leafy vegetables, nuts, beans, grains
Functions: Bone and tooth formation, protein synthesis, metabolism |
|
What are the sources and functions of Sodium (500 mg)?
|
Sources: Salt and "Hidden Sodium", IV Saline
Functions: Major ion of extracellular fluid |
|
What are the sources and functions of Potassium (1600-2000 mg)?
|
Sources: Whole grains, fruits, leafy vegetables
Functions: Major ion of intracellular fluid |
|
What are the sources and functions of Iron (10-15)?
|
Sources: Lean and organ meats, enriched and whole-grain breads and cereals
Functions: Oxygen transport by way of hemoglobin, and constituent of enzymes systems |
|
What are the sources and functions of Iodine?
|
Sources: Iodize salt, seafood, food additives
|
|
What are the signs and side effects of deficiency Vitamin C?
What are the signs and side effects of excess Vitamin C? |
S/S of Deficiency:
Scurvy, hemorrhaging, delayed wound healing S/S of Excess: Kidney stones, scurvy on withdrawal, nausea, diarrhea |
|
What are the signs and side effects of deficiency Vitamin B Complex Thiamin?
What are the signs and side effects of excess Vitamin B Complex Thiamin? |
S/S of Deficiency:
Fatigue, Beriberi, mental confusion especially in alcoholism S/S of Excess: None Known |
|
What are the signs and side effects of deficiency Riboflavin?
What are the signs and side effects of excess Riboflavin? |
S/S of Deficiency:
Inflammation and poor healing S/S of Excess: None Known |
|
What are the signs and side effects of deficiency Niacin?
What are the signs and side effects of excess Niacin? |
S/S of Deficiency:
Pellagra, dermatitis S/S of Excess: Flushing and itching, nausea, vomiting |
|
What are the signs and side effects of deficiency B6 (pyridoxine)?
What are the signs and side effects of excess B6 (pyridoxine)? |
S/S of Deficiency:
Anemia, CNS problems, confusion S/S of Excess: Difficulty walking, numbness of feet and hands |
|
What are the signs and side effects of deficiency Folate (180-200 micrograms)?
What are the signs and side effects of excess Folate (180-200 micrograms)? |
S/S of Deficiency:
Macrocytic anemia: fatigue, weakness, pallor, fetal risk of spina bifida S/S of Excess: None Known |
|
What are the signs and side effects of deficiency B12 (cobalamin)?
What are the signs and side effects of excess B12 (cobalamin)? |
S/S of Deficiency:
Pernicious anemia due to lack of intrinsic factor or alcoholism S/S of Excess: None Known |
|
What are the signs and side effects of deficiency Vitamin A?
What are the signs and side effects of excess Vitamin A? |
S/S of Deficiency:
Night blindness, rough skin S/S of Excess: Anorexia, loss of hair, dry skin, bone pain |
|
What are the signs and side effects of deficiency of Vitamin D (cholecalciferol, ergosterol)?
What are the signs and side effects of excess of Vitamin D (cholecalciferol, ergosterol)? |
S/S of Deficiency:
Retarded bone growth, bone malformation S/S of Excess: Excessive calcification of bones, renal calculi |
|
What are the signs and side effects of deficiency of Vitamin E?
What are the signs and side effects of excess of Vitamin E? |
S/S of Deficiency:
Anemia S/S of Excess: Large doses can cause fatigue diarrhea |
|
What are the signs and side effects of deficiency of Vitamin K (65-80 micrograms)?
What are the signs and side effects of excess of Vitamin K (65-80 micrograms)? |
S/S of Deficiency:
Hemorrhagic disease of newborn, delayed blood clotting S/S of Excess: Hemolytic anemia and liver damage with synthetic vitamin K |
|
What are the signs and side effects of deficiency of Calcium (at least 800 mg)?
What are the signs and side effects of excess of Calcium (at least 800 mg)? |
S/S of Deficiency:
Tetany, osteoporosis S/S of Excess: Renal calculi in susceptible people |
|
What are the signs and side effects of deficiency of Phosphorus?
What are the signs and side effects of excess of Phosphorus? |
S/S of Deficiency:
Hypophosphatemia, muscle weakness S/S of Excess: Hyperphosphatemia, symptoms of hypocalcemic tetany |
|
What are the signs and side effects of deficiency of Magnesium?
What are the signs and side effects of excess of Magnesium? |
S/S of Deficiency:
Hypomagnesesemia, poor heart function, Torsades de Pointe S/S of Excess: CNS depression, coma, hypotension |
|
What are the signs and side effects of deficiency of Sodium (500 mg)?
What are the signs and side effects of excess of Sodium (500 mg)? |
S/S of Deficiency:
Skin clammy/ cold agitated/ confused leg cramps too little Na+ S/S of Excess: "E.T. Phone Home" Edema Thirst Pattern of weight gain High B/P |
|
What are the signs and side effects of deficiency of Potassium (1600-2000 mg)?
What are the signs and side effects of excess of Potassium (1600-2000 mg)? |
S/S of Deficiency:
Hypokalemia: muscle cramps and weakness, irregular heart beats EKG: u-wave S/S of Excess: Hyperkalemia: irritability; ventricular dysrrhymia, heart block EKG: tall, tented T's |
|
What are the signs and side effects of deficiency of Iron (10-15 mg)?
What are the signs and side effects of excess of Iron (10-15 mg)? |
S/S of Deficiency:
Microlytic anemia, pallor, fatigue S/S of Excess: Hemosiderosis; acute iron poisoning, GI symptoms and possible shock |
|
What are the signs and side effects of deficiency of Iodine?
What are the signs and side effects of excess of Iodine? |
S/S of Deficiency:
Goiter S/S of Excess: Acne-like lesions |
|
What are factors that influence metabolism?
|
Water for reactions
Lean muscle mass Food Intake Thyroid function Pregnancy Rapid growth Overall lifestyle Menstruation Illness Injury Infection Activity level Emotional state Sleeping |
|
The process of nutrition involves...
|
Ingestion
Digestion Absorption Storage Elimination Metabolism |
|
Who is medical nutrition therapy prescribed for?
|
GI disease- peptic ulcers, inflammatory bowel dz, ceiliac dz, diverticulitis
Diabetes Mellitus Cardiovascular Dz Pulmonary Dz Hypertension HIV |
|
US Dietary "Guidelines":
|
Eat a variety of foods
Healthy weight Balance your food with physical activity Diet low in fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol Vegetables, fruits, grain products are major needs Use sugar, salt, and alcohol in moderation |
|
What percent of calorie intake should carbohydrates be of your daily diet?
|
40-60%
|
|
Which groups are the most vulnerable for lowered nutritional status?
|
The elderly and the very young
|
|
3 Ways of Nutritional Screening:
|
-Self-reported check-list (tell me what you ate)
-Calculation of BMI (Body Mass Index) -Limited anthropometric data (Measures body fat and should not be done on children) |
|
Things you can learn from a diet history:
|
-Habitual intake (what the client usually eats)
- Caloric intake vs. energy needs - Food preferences - Allergies - Ability to obtain food - Religious restrictions - Herbal supplements (things that might cause a food or drug interaction) - Cultural influences -Any Additional pertinent info |
|
Ideal body weight
|
males: 106 lbs for 5 ft. plus 6 lbs per inch over 5 ft
females: 100 lbs for 5 ft plus 5 lbs per inch over 5 ft |
|
What are the levels of prealbumin in mild, moderate, and severe malnutrition?
|
Mild: 10-15 mg/dL
Moderate: 5-10 mg/dL Severe: <5 mg/dL |
|
Water soluble fiber
|
-slows gastric emptyin/lower serum cholesterol
- delays glucose absorption which helps in persons with diabetes - soluble fiber adds weight to stool, but NO BULK to aid elimination (may still need laxative) |
|
Water insoluble fiber
|
- absorbs water to increase fecal bulk in the large intestine and aid elimination
- increases intestinal transit time -may also reduce fat absorption -TREAT CONSTIPATION |
|
One Serving of Carbohydrates equals:
|
about 15 g from fruits, grains, starchy vegetables
|
|
1 Dietians Carb equals:
|
15g or 1 serving of carbohydrates
|
|
Transport triglycerides from liver to tissue
|
Very-low-density lipoproteins(VLDLs)
|
|
plasma proteins with triglyceride components that carry cholesterol to cells (bad cholesterol)
|
Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs)
|
|
plasma proteins that carry fat in bloodstream to tissue or to liver to be excreted, Cardioprotective thus "good cholesterol" 1:3 ratio
|
High-density lipoproteins (HDLs)
|
|
VAP Analysis
|
Gives Genetic risk factors for heart disease
|
|
What is the key ingredient between clear liquids and full liquids?
|
Dairy
|
|
Gastric by-pass diet
|
smalls meals, low fat, high protein, NO carbonated beverages, high fiber
|
|
Low-residue Diet
|
minimizes elimination, restrict high fiber foods, fried foods, pepper, alcohol, any heavy seasonings
|
|
Fat-controlled Diet
|
for malabsorption, chronic pancreatitis, gallbladder disease or clients with CVD, CHF
|
|
Protein-controlled Diet
|
renal disease (renal failure, ESRD, dialysis, and transplant) and liver disease (liver failure, hepatic encephalopathy, cirrhosis, transplant, and hepatitis)
|
|
Food allergy diet
|
egg free diet for clients with known sensitivity
|
|
Purine-controlled diet
|
gout
tumor lysis syndrome multiple myeloma: due to elevated uric acid levels. Use dairy products restrict organ meats anchovies alcohol seafood |
|
Sodium-controlled diet
|
usually 2400 mg/day to as low as 500 mg/day in renal failure (used to treat hypertension, fluid restrictions, CVD)
|
|
Carbohydrates-controlled
|
Diabetes mellitus
|
|
High-fiber diet
|
complex carbs
lowfat wholegrain products vegetables/fruits to promote normal bowel function |
|
High-potassium diet
|
orange juice
apricots cantaloupes bananas -for client's with K+ losses |
|
High-calcium diet
|
milk and dairy products
for client's with Ca++ losses (osteoporosis, kidney failure) |
|
High-protein diet
|
for athletes- dietician or MD needs to prescribe
|
|
Neutropenic diet (used for impaired immune function)
|
Restrictions: fresh fruit, raw vegetables, nuts, seeds, dried fruits, black pepper, any food that carry pseudomonas aeruginosa
- Heat treat all foods to destroy bacteria |
|
How does cancer and cancer treatment affect nutrition?
|
Radiation may destroy lining in GI tract
Can cause anorexia, stomatitis, severe diarrhea, strictures of intestines, and pain Head/Neck: can distort taste, smell, salivation and cause dysphagia |
|
Nutrition Care in Cancer
|
-Small, frequent meals
-nutrient dense high-calorie/high-protein meals -Add extra nutrient dense foods such as: honey powdered skim milk peanut butter cheese -Limit liquids with meals which contribute to mausea |
|
Conditions that cause nausea
|
-Spicy, gas forming, and hard-to-digest foods
-Environment (smells and excessive stimulation) - Use appetite stimulants such as Megace, Marinol, Periactin, or a small glass of wine to help |
|
Possible things to look for in the upset GI client
|
Dehydration
Loss of electrolytes Metabolic alkalosis Metabolic acidosis Malabsorption/malnutrition |
|
BRAT diet
|
Bananas
Rice Applesauce Toast - used alot in Peds or people with Flu virus |
|
Routes for Nutrition
|
-Oral
-Enteral (gastrostomy, jejunostomy, nasogastric) -Parenteral: Cannot give anything else through line used for lipids and TPN |