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92 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
CNS consists of what 2 structures? |
Brain and Spinal cord |
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PNS consists of |
Cranial nerves autonomic nervous system periferal nervous system |
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Neurons |
generate and conduct nerve impulses. |
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neurogilia
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support neurons. They nurish and protect neurons. |
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Nerve Impulse
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Series of action potentials. It is a chemical interaction of K+ and chloride movement in and out of axons. Neurotransmitters can excite or inhibit. |
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Cerebrum
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Area of higher level of functioning(complex mental function). Includes Basal ganglia, thalamus, hypothalamus, and the limbic system. |
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Basal ganglia
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Learned and automatic movements Ex: blinking. (Part of Cerebrum) |
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Thalamus
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Relay station between skeletal muscle and sensory input. (Part of Cerebrum)
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Hypothalamus
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Regulates temp and some aspects of autonomic and endocrine. (Part of Cerebrum) |
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Limbic System
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Inner surface of cerebral hemisphere, has to do with emotions. (Part of Cerebrum) |
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Parts of Brainstem
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Midbrain, Pons and Medulla |
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Midbrain and Pons functions
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Relay center for vasomotor impulses, control alertness and awareness. |
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Medulla |
Basic life support. Respiratory and cardiac functions.
Tip: if you don't have it, you die. |
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Cerebellum |
Controls equillibrium & Coordination.
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How do you test function of the cerebellum?
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There are 2: |
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The peripheral nervous system includes....?
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1. Spinal nerves (31 pairs) |
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What is the function of the spinal nerves?
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They inervate specific body regions and are motor sensory in nature.
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The autonomic nervous system controls...?
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Cardiac and other smooth muscles, involentary actions.
It is composed of the sypathetic and parasympathetic systems. |
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Sypathetic Nervous system
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The fight of flight response. |
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Parasympathetic Nervous System
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Inhibits. Acts to reserve energy |
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Circulation to the brain |
To the brain is by the corotid and others in the back of the neck (patebral) and venous return is through the jugular. |
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what kind of symptoms would a patient describe for you to reccomend doing a nurological assessment. |
hearing loss, decreased taste/smell, incontinence, difficulty sleeping, chewing, swallowing, change in sexual performance, or ADL's. Also headaches, numbness/tingling, tremors, memory loss, personality/behavior changes.
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Most Neurologic Diseases affect _____? |
Mobility and coordination |
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Nursing Assessment, current medications that alter the nervous system
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Sedatives, analgesics, stimulants, anti-seizure, mood elevators, antidepressants |
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Neurological Examination: Cerebral Function
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Cortical and Discriminatory interpretation-ability to see an object, recognize it's name and know it's function |
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Neurological Examination: The Motor System
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Symmatry of muscle strength, muscle tone-palpate and look for spasticity, rigidity, flaccidity and involuntary movements |
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Neurological Examination: Sensory function
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1.Pain and temperature (they are transmitted by the same nerve endings), if one is intact no need to test the other. |
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Touch discrimination
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Have patient close their eyes. Touch each extremity randomly with finger and ask them to point to where the are being touched. Then touch each side of the body at the same time. |
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Glascow coma scale |
Eye opening 1-4 |
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Parkinson’s disease |
a progressive disease of the nervous system marked by tremor, muscular rigidity, and slow, imprecise movement, chiefly affecting middle-aged and elderly people. It is associated with degeneration of the basal ganglia of the brain and a deficiency of the neurotransmitter dopamine. |
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define Motor neurone disease |
a progressive disease involving degeneration of the motor neurons and wasting of the muscles. |
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define stroke |
brain attack is the loss of brain function due to a disturbance in the blood supply to the brain. |
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Traumatic Brain |
nondegenerative, noncongenital insult to the brain from an external mechanical force, possibly leading to permanent or temporary impairment of cognitive, physical, and psychosocial functions, with an associated diminished or altered state of consciousness. |
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Alzheimer’s disease |
progressive mental deterioration that can occur in middle or old age, due to generalized degeneration of the brain. It is the commonest cause of premature senility. |
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organic brain syndrome |
is a general term that describes decreased mental function due to a medical disease other than a psychiatric illness. It is often used synonymously (but incorrectly) with dementia. |
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define acute |
In medicine, an acute disease is a disease with a rapid onset and/or a short course. [ 1] Acute may be used to distinguish a disease from a chronic form, such as acute leukemia and chronic leukemia, or to highlight the sudden onset of a disease, such as acute myocardial infarction. |
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define chronic |
(of an illness) persisting for a long time or constantly recurring. |
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why use a nuro assessment |
• Neurological assessment can help to detect |
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CNS |
• Purpose: |
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layers of protection |
• Protective layers: |
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DIENCEPHALON
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• Diencephalon is composed of the thalamic |
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Temporal:
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Hearing |
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occipital |
vision (optic...) |
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parital |
Somatic sensory and movement
opposite sides... stroke in the left somatosensory means a loss of feeling in the right hand side of the body. |
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Limbic:
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emotional brain... see a spider... PANIC! |
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motor pathway of brain |
Motor pathways of
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sensory pathways |
Sensory pathways |
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blood suply brain |
• Internal carotid |
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spinal nerves |
31 pairs of spinal nerves |
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reflexes |
A reflex action is a specific response to an When a reflex arc consists of only two neurons in an animal (one sensory neuron, and one motor neuron), it is defined as monosynaptic.Monosynaptic refers to the presence of a single chemical synapse. • Polysynaptic reflexes Monosynaptic vs. polysynaptic[edit] When a reflex arc consists of only two neurons in an animal (one sensory neuron, and one motor neuron), it is defined as monosynaptic. Monosynaptic refers to the presence of a single chemical synapse. |
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types of reflexes |
– Muscle stretch or deep tendon reflexes (DTR) |
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healthy history of nuro |
– Patient profile |
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patient profile |
• Patient Profile: |
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Common chief complaints: |
– Headache - Disturbances in gait (a person's manner of walking) |
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Characteristics of chief complaints: nuro |
– Quality |
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past medical history nuro |
Medical history: |
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family history nuro |
Family health history: |
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social history nuro |
• Alcohol, tobacco, drug use |
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before you start nuro |
Greet the patient and explain the |
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equipt nuro assessment |
Cotton wisp. |
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A complete assessment of the |
– Sensation |
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cognitive assessment |
• Physical appearance and behaviour:
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where can you find questions to assess a persons cognition unrelated to a nurological assessment |
falls risk assessment |
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cognition communication |
Communication: difficult or unclear articulation of speech that is otherwise linguistically normal.) , dysphonia, ( difficulty in speaking due to a physical disorder of the mouth, tongue, throat, or vocal cords.) aphonia, apraxia, agraphia, alexia.
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levle of consciousness |
Glasgow Coma Scale |
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• Cognitive abilities and mentation: |
– Attention |
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normal findings cognition |
Posture erect, gait smooth, body Affect appropriate to situation and cultural
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sensory assessment |
Sensation should be tested early in the Exteroceptive sensation:
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Sensory Assessment: Normal Findings |
• Able to accurately perceive light touch, |
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motor system |
Extrapyramidal rigidity: |
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define Lethargy
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a lack of energy and enthusiasm. |
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define Obtundation
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refers to less than full alertness (altered level of consciousness), typically as a result of a medical condition or trauma. The root word, obtund, means "dulled or less sharp" cf. obtuse angle. |
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define Stupor |
a state of near-unconsciousness or insensibility. |
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define Coma
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a prolonged state of deep unconsciousness, caused especially by severe injury or illness. |
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define Vertigo
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a sensation of whirling and loss of balance, associated particularly with looking down from a great height, or caused by disease affecting the inner ear or the vestibular nerve; giddiness. |
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define Syncope
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emporary loss of consciousness caused by a fall in blood pressure. |
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define Seizure
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in which the nerve cell activity in your brain is disturbed, causing aseizure during which you experience abnormal behavior, symptoms and sensations, including loss of consciousness. |
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define Aura
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An aura is a perceptual disturbance experienced by some with migraine or seizures before either the headache or seizure begins. It often manifests as the perception of a strange light, an unpleasant smell or confusing thoughts or experiences. |
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define Paresthesia
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an abnormal sensation, typically tingling or pricking (‘pins and needles’), caused chiefly by pressure on or damage to peripheral nerves. |
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define Dysarthria
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difficult or unclear articulation of speech that is otherwise linguistically normal. |
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define Dysphasia
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language disorder marked by deficiency in the generation of speech, and sometimes also in its comprehension, due to brain disease or damage. |
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define Paralysis
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the loss of the ability to move (and sometimes to feel anything) in part or most of the body, typically as a result of illness, poison, or injury. |
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define Convulsion
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a sudden, violent, irregular movement of the body, caused by involuntary contraction of muscles and associated especially with brain disorders such as epilepsy, the presence of certain toxins or other agents in the blood, or fever in children |
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define Nystagmus
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rapid involuntary movements of the eyes. |
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define Anosmia
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the loss of the sense of smell, either total or partial. It may be caused by head injury, infection, or blockage of the nose. |
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define Ptosis
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drooping of the upper eyelid due to paralysis or disease, or as a congenital condition. |
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define Ataxia
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the loss of full control of bodily movements. |
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define Opisthotonos
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spasm of the muscles causing backward arching of the head, neck, and spine, as in severe tetanus, some kinds of meningitis, and strychnine poisoning. |
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define Decorticate rigidity |
a unilateral or bilateral postural change, consisting of the upper extremities flexed and adducted and the lower extremities in rigid extension; due to structural lesions of the thalamus, internal capsule, or cerebral white matter. |
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define decerebrate rigidity |
a postural change that occurs in some comatose patients, consisting of episodes of opisthotonos, rigid extension of the limbs, internal rotation of the upper extremities, and marked plantar flexion of the feet; produced by a variety of metabolic and structural brain disorders. |
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define abbey scale |
For measurement of pain in people with dementia who cannot verbalise. |
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normal pupils will? |
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