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73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Calcium
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8.6 to 10.0 mg/dL
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Magnesium
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1.6-2.6 mg/dL
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Potassium
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3.5 to 5.1 mEq/L
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Phosphorus
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2.7 to 4.5 mg/dL
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Sodium
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135-145 mEq/L
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Chloride
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98-107 mEq/L
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Venous Bicarbonate
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22-29 mEq/L
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What is aPTT used to measure?
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-Coagulation time---Activated parital thromboplastin time.
+Used to test this especially when client is on heparin. |
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What are normal aPTT values and what should they be if the client is on anticoagulation therapy?
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Normal: 20 to 36 seconds
Heparin therapy: 1.5 to 2.5 times normal= 50-90 seconds |
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What is PT and INR used to measure?
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PT--Prothrombin time
INR--International normalized ratio <>Used to measure the amount of time it takes in seconds for clot formation and is used to monitor response to warfarin sodium (coumadin) therapy. --INR standardizes the PT ratio |
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What are normal PT values?
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9.6 to 11.8 seconds (male)
9.5-11.3 seconds (female) |
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What are normal INR values for a client on a standard dose warfarin therapy?
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2.0-3.0
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What are INR values for a client on a high-dose warfarin therapy?
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3.0-4.5
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What is the normal platelet count?
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150,000 to 400,000 cells/mm
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Normal Iron values
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Male: 65-175 mcg/dL
Female: 50-170 mcg/dL |
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What are iron lab values usually used for?
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Aids in diagnosing anemias and hemolytic disorders.
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What is normal hemoglobin?
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Male: 14-16.5 g/dL
Female: 12-15 g/dL |
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What is normal hematocrit?
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Male: 42-52%
Female: 35-47% |
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What is normal RBC count?
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Male: 4.5 to 6.2 million/uL
Female: 4.5 to 6.2 million cells/uL |
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What are creatine kinase levels used to determine?
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Enzyme found in muscle and brain tissue that reflects tissue catabolism resulting from cell trauma.
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What are normal creatine kinase (CK) values?
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26-174 units/L
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How much of total CK should be made up of CK-MB (cardiac)?
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0-5%
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How much of total CK should be made up of CK-BB (Brain) and CK-MM (muscles)?
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CK-BB: 0%
CK-MM- 95-100% |
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What is Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) used to measure?
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-This isoenzyme is affected by acute myocardial infarction.
--The levels begin to rise about 24 hours after Mi and peaks in 40 to 72 hours. returns to normal at day 7-14. |
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What are Troponins used to measure?
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-Troponin is a regulatory protein found in striated muscle (skeletal and myocardial)
-Increased amounts of troponins are released into the bloodstream when an infarction causes damage. -Levels elevate as early as 3 hours after myocardial injury. And can stay elevated from 7 to 14 days after. |
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What are the normal lab values of Troponin I and Troponin T and the values if a client has experienced a myocardial infarction.
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-Troponin I: value usually is lower than 0.6 ng/mL. Higher than 1.5= myocardial infarction.
-Troponin T: Higher than 0.1 to 0.2 ng/mL is consistent with myocardial infarction. |
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What does amount of myoglobin in the blood indicate?
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-Myoglobin is an oxygen-binding protein found in striated muslces that releases oxygen at very low tensions. It is realeased into the blood with any injury to the muscle.
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What are the lab values of myoglobin?
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Normal: less than 90 mcg/L
<>Higher than this value can indicate myocardial infarction. |
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What are the normal lab values of albumin?
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3.4 to 5 g/dL
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What conditions have an effect on albumin levels?
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Increased: dehydration, diarrhea, metastatic carcinoma
Decreased: acute infection, ascites, alcoholism. |
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What is the function of albumin in the blood?
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Maintains oncotic pressure and transports bilirubin, fatty acids, medications, hormones, and other substances that are insoluble in water.
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What is the function of alkaline phosphatase in the body?
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-Enzyme normally found in bone, liver, intestine, and placenta.
-Levels increase during periods of bone growth , liver disease, and bile duct obstruction. |
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What are normal values of alkaline phosphatase?
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4.5 to 13 King-Armstrong unites/dL
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What is the normal values of ammonia in the blood?
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35 to 65 mg/dL
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What is the function of ammonia in the body?
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-Byproduct of protein catabolism, most of it is creased by bacteria acting on proteins present in the gut.
-It is metabolized by the liver and excreted by the kidneys as UREA. |
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What is a consequence of elevated ammonia levels?
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-Elevated levels resulting from hepatic dysfunction may lead to encephalopathy.
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What is the function of Amylase in the body?
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-Enzyme, produced by the pancreas and salivary glands, aids in the digestion of complex carbs and is excreted by the kidneys.
<>Levels greately increased in acute pancreatitis. |
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What are the normal values of Amylase?
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25-151 units/L
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What is the function of lipase in the body?
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-Pancreatic enzyme that converts fats and triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol.
-Elevated lipase levels occur in pancreatic disorders. |
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What are the normal values of of lipase?
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10 to 140 units/L
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What is the function of bilirubin in the body?
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-Produced by the liver, spleen, and bone marrow, and is also a byproduct of hemoglobin breakdown.
-Total bilirubin levels increase with any type of jaundice, direct and indirect bilirubin levels help differentiate the cause of the jaundice. |
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What are normal levels of bilirubin?
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-Direct (conjugated): 0-0.3 mg/dL
-Indirect (unconjugated): 0.1 to 1.0 mg/dL -Bilirubin, total: lower than 1.5 mg/dL |
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What is the normal value of total cholesterol in the blood?
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140-199 mg/dL
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What is the normal value of LDL?
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Lower than 130 mg/dL
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What is the normal values for HDL?
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30-70 mg/dL
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What are the normal values for Triglycerides?
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Lower than 200 mg/dL.
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What is the normal value of protein in the blood?
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(Includes total amount of albumin and globulins in the plasma)
6.0 to 8.0 g.dL |
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What are the normal values of uric acid?
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Male: 4.5 to 8 mg/dL
Female: 2.5 to 6.2 mg/dL |
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What is the function of uric acid in the body?
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Formed as the purines adenine and guanine and are metabolized continuously during the formation and degration of DNA and RNA. It is also formed from the metabolism of dietary purines.
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What is a consequence of high levels of uric acid in the body?
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-uric acid will deposit in joints and soft tissue and cause gout.
-Elevated levels of urinary uric acid precipitate into urate stones in the kidneys. |
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What is the normal fasting glucose level?
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70-110 mg/dL
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What are normal 2-hr, postprandial glucose levels?
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<140 mg/dL
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What is glycosylated hemoglobin?
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-Blood glucose bound to hemoglobin.
-Hemoglobin A1c is a reflection of how well blood glucose levels have been controlled for the past 3 to 4 months. |
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What are Hemoglobin A1c values for a diabetic with good, fair and poor control over their blood glucose levels?
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Good control: 7% or lower
Fair control: 7 to 8% Poor control: Higher than 8% |
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What is the use of a serum creatinine level?
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-Creatinine is a specific indicator of renal function.
-Increased levels indicate a slowing of the glomerular filtration rate. |
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What are normal values of serum creatinine?
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0.6 to 1.3 mg/dL
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What is the use of Blood urea nitrogen levels?
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-Urea nitrogen is the nitrogen portion of urea, a substance formed in the liver through an enzymatic protein breakdown process.
-It is normally freely filtered through the renal glomeruli, with a small amount reabsorbed in the tubules and the remainder excreted in teh urine. -Elevated levels indicate a slowing of glomerular filtration rate. |
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What are normal values of Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)?
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8 to 25 mg/dL
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What are normal calcium levels?
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8.6 to 10.0 mg/dL
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What are normal magnesium levels?
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1.6 to 2.6 mg/dL
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What are normal phosphorus levels?
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2.7 to 4.5 mg/dL
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What are normal values of Thyroid-stimulating hormone?
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0.2 to 5.4 microunits/mL
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What are normal levels of Thyroxine (T4)?
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5.0 to 12.0 mcg/dL
Part of the thyroid studies. |
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What are normal levels of thyroixine, free (FT4)?
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0.8 to 2.4 ng/dL
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What are normal levels of Triiodothyroinine (T3)?
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Part of thyroid studies
80-230 ng/dL |
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What is the normal value of WBC?
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4,500 to 11,000 cells/mm3
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What is a "shift to the left"?
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An increased number of immature neturophils present in the blood.
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What tests are included in Hepatitis testing?
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radioimmunoassay, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and microparticle enzyme immunoassay.
-Serological tests for specific hepatitis virus markers assist in defining the specific type of hepatitis. |
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CD4+ T cell counts can provide what information?
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-This cell count monitors the progression of HIV
-As the disease progresses, usually the number of CD4+ T-cells decreases, with a resultant decrease in immunity. |
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What are normal CD4+ T-cell counts?
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500-1600 cells/L
-Usually the immune system remains healthy with cell counts higher than 500 cells/L -Immune system problems occur between 200-499 cells/L -Severe immune problems occur with counts lower than 200 cells/L |
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What is the normal specific gravity of urine?
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1.016 to 1.022
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What is the therapeutic range of serum Digoxin levels?
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0.5-2 ng/mL
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What is the therapeutic range of serum Lithium levels?
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0.5-1.3 mEq/L
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