Nce Lpc

Front 1

Susie is playing with blocks and is trying to build a tower; she tries but cannot build a tower. Susie’s mother helps her build a four-block tower. Later, Susie builds a four-block
tower without her mother’s help. According to Vygotsky, the inability to build the tower on
her own is known as:
a. scaffolding
b. the zone of proximal development
c. assisted discovery
d. learning by imitation

Back 1

B.
“Scaffolding” is a term used by Vygotsky that explains what Susie’s mother is doing.
She is adjusting her level of support to Susie based on Susie’s level of performance. The zone
of proximal development involves a range of tasks that are too difficult for the child to do
alone but possible to do with the help of adults or other, more-skilled children. “Assisted
discovery” is another term used by Vygotsky to describe learning situations that a teacher
sets up within a classroom so that children are guided into discovering learning. Learning
by imitation is a type of learning that involves a child watching someone perform a task and
later performing the task by herself.

Front 2

According to Erickson, when an individual fails to develop a strong sense of identity, the
individual will have troubles with the development of:
a. autonomy
b. initiative
c. intimacy
d. integrity

Back 2

C. In Erickson’s theory of psychosocial development, individuals who fail to achieve the
goal of the lower level of development will have problems attaining the developmental task
at the next stage of development. In the example above, the individual failed to achieve
identity, which occurs during adolescence. Therefore, in young adulthood, the individual
will have problems attaining intimacy, which is the developmental task to be achieved at
this level. For autonomy, the individual would have to have failed to attain basic trust; for
initiative, the individual would have to have failed to attain autonomy; and for integrity, the
individual would have to have failed to attain generativity.

Front 3

Which of the following is the correct sequence of stages in Freud's theory of personality
development?
a. Oral, genital, latency, anal, phallic
b. Genital, anal, phallic, oral, latency
c. Latency, phallic, oral, anal, genital
d. Oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

Back 3

D. The best way to remember Freud’s psychosexual stages of development is to think
about what key tasks individuals do throughout childhood. The first thing infants do is suck
(oral). Next, babies begin toilet training (anal), then discover the difference between boys
and girls (phallic). Next, children spend time growing physically and cognitively but are
latent in the psychosexual realm (not focusing on anything sexual); finally, puberty sets in
and they begin to think about sex again and are focused on their own genitals.

Front 4

Jacob’s father tells Jacob to clean his room. When Jacob asks why, his father responds,
“Because I said so.” The father’s response is most representative of which parenting style?
a. Uninvolved
b. Authoritarian
c. Authoritative
d. Permissive

Back 4

B. The authoritarian parenting style uses coercive techniques and psychological control
to discipline children, whereas the authoritative parenting style emphasizes some control
but allows for some independence. The uninvolved parenting style rarely uses any control
and the parent seems to be indifferent to the child’s level of independence. In the
permissive parenting style, the parents are typically overindulgent with the child. They
exert very little control and are lenient when it comes to granting independence to the child.

Front 5

Harry Harlow used baby monkeys and several different kinds of “surrogate mothers” to
investigate which factors are important in early development and attachment. According to
his findings, baby monkeys:
a. preferred a soft terrycloth “mother” to a wire-mesh “mother” that held a bottle
b. preferred a wire-mesh “mother” that held a bottle to a soft terrycloth “mother”
c. showed no preference
d. preferred neither “mother”

Back 5

A. In Harry Harlow’s experiments, he found that baby monkeys preferred physical
comfort to hunger satisfaction. In other words, the baby monkeys wanted to be close to a
soft terrycloth “mother” rather than a wire-mesh “mother,” even though the latter
presented food. Therefore, attachment involves more than hunger satisfaction. It involves
having close contact with a “loving” caregiver.

Front 6

Cody does what his parents say because he doesn’t want to lose his television privileges.
This is an example of what level in Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?
a. Integrity versus despair
b. Preconventional
c. Conventional
d. Postconventional

Back 6

B. Integrity versus despair is one of the stages in Erickson’s psychosocial developmental
theory. Kohlberg postulated that in the first level, preconventional, individuals are
concerned with consequences imposed upon them for wrongdoing. Thus, in the example,
Cody wanted to avoid being punished by having his television privileges taken away. At the
conventional level, an individual wants to conform to societal rules so that authority rules
and order is maintained. At the postconventional level, individuals define morality in terms
of universal values and altruism.

Front 7

Josie likes to play peek-a-boo with her little brother, Jack. According to Piaget, Jack finds
this game fun because he has acquired ____________, which is one of the primary tasks of the
sensorimotor stage of cognitive development.
a. conservation
b. dual representation
c. object permanence
d. reversibility

Back 7

C. Piaget proposed that there are four stages of cognitive development. The first stage is
the sensorimotor stage, whereby the infant or toddler recognizes that even though
something is out of sight, it still exists. Piaget’s second stage of cognitive development is the
preoperational stage (early childhood years) in which children begin to recognize that
something can be an object as well as a symbol (dual representation). The third stage of
cognitive development according to Piaget is called the concrete operational stage, during
which children 6 to 11 years old develop the capacity of both conservation (object
permanence, or the understanding that physical characteristics of objects remain the same
even if the appearance is different) and reversibility (the ability to think through a series of
steps and then to reverse the process mentally).

Front 8

The theorist associated with bonding and attachment is:
a. Bowlby
b. Adler
c. Freud
d. Piaget

Back 8

A. When you think about attachment and bonding, think about John Bowlby (1907–
1990). Adler is associated with birth order and family constellation, while Freud is
associated with psychosexual development. Piaget is associated with cognitive
development.

Front 9

Henry, a 72-year-old widower, reminisces with his daughter about his life. He talks
about his successes and regrets. This is an example of Erikson’s:
a. intimacy stage
b. generativity stage
c. industry stage
d. ego integrity stage

Back 9

D. One of the clues in this example is Henry’s age. Another clue is Henry’s discussion
about his life successes and regrets, not finding another mate, being successful in school, or
contributing to society. Erikson’s generativity stage involves middle-aged adults who are
launching their children, dealing with an empty nest, and working toward retirement. His
ego integrity stage involves older adults who review their lives, looking at successes and
regrets.

Front 10

When it comes to displaying aggression, girls more often engage in ____________
aggression than boys.
a. hostile
b. instrumental
c. relational
d. physical

Back 10

C. Instrumental aggression occurs when a child wants a toy that another child has and
he tries to get that toy by pushing or attacking the other child in some way. Hostile
aggression occurs when a child intentionally hurts another child because he wants to hurt
the other child. Physical aggression occurs more often in boys than in girls and is any form
of harm or physical injury such as pushing, hitting, biting, or kicking. Relational aggression
more often occurs in girls and involves the use of social exclusion, malicious gossip, or peer
manipulation in order to damage another person’s peer relationships.