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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is the lineage of seratonin?
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Phosphoenolpyruvate - tryptophan - seratonin
(phosphoenolpyruvate also gives rise to tyrosine) |
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What is the lineage of epinephrine?
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Erythrose-4-phosphate - phenylalanine - tyrosine - dopa - dopamine - norepinephrine - epinephrine
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Serotonin is released from _____ upon damage to the blood vessel walls
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Platelets
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Serotonin acts a a potent _____ and _____ vascular peripheral resistance.
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Vasoconstrictor
Increases |
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In gastric mucous membranes, seratonin is secreted by the _____ cells and causes the smooth muscle to contract. In the brain seratonin acts as a _____.
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Enteroendocrine
Neurotransmitter |
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What interferes with the action of Serotonin in the brain?
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Lysergic acid diethylamide
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Histamine is a powerful _____ that is formed by the decarboxylation of _____.
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Vasodilator
Histidine |
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Histamine is found in all tissues, particularly in _____ cells and their related blood _____, with the highest concentration in the _____.
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Mast
Basophils Lungs |
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What are the two major receptor types that histamine has which invokes powerful pharmacologic actions?
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H1 and H2 receptors
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What receptors mediate the typical allergic and anaphylactic responses to histamine -- bronchodilation, vasodilation, and increased capillary permeability?
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H1 Receptors
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What receptors mediate other responses to histamine, such as the increased secretion of gastric acid and pepsin?
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H2 receptors
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The actions of _____ are similar to histamine.
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Bradykinin
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The concentration of Heparin in the blood is normally _____, so that only under limited physiological conditions does it have significant _____ effects.
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Slight
Anticoagulant |
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_____ is contained in secretory vesicles or granules within _____ cells and the _____ cells of the blood, which are functionally almost identical to the mast cells.
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Heparin
Mast Basophil |
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Where does Heparin exist in the greatest concentrations?
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Tissues surrounding capillaries of the lungs and liver.
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What will result from the administration of Heparin?
What is Heparin used in treating ? |
Increase bleeding time due to antithrombin activation
Tx for patients who suffered a coronary thrombosis. |
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What does heparin prevent the action of?
what does it interfere with? |
Factor IX
Thrombin action |
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_____ can also enhance the removal of lipoproteins from the blood by binding apolipoproein E and by activating _____ _____.
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Heparin
Lipoprotein lipase |
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Where are prostaglandins synthesized?
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A wide variety of tissues
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What are any group of components derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway and act as potent mediators of numerous different physiological processes?
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Prostaglandins
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_____ belong to a subclass of lipids known as the _____ because of their structural similarities to the _____ polyunsaturated fatty acids.
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Prostaglandins
eicosanoids C-20 |
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How are prostaglandins similar to hormones?
How are they different? |
They stimulate target cells into action
They act locally, metabolized rapidly, and act differently at different tissues. |
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What is the structure of a prostaglandin?
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20-carbon fatty acids that contain a 5-membered ring
|
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What are prostaglandins synthesized from?
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Arachidonic acid created by phospholipase A2
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What are the intermediate pathways of arachidonic acid?
What will these pathways create? |
Cyclooxygenase or Lipooxygenase pathways
Cyclo - (thromboxanes, prostacyclins, prostaglandins D,E,F) Lipo - (Leukotrienes) |
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What inhibits the biosynthesis of prostaglandins?
How? |
NSAIDS
Interferes with cyclooxygenase |
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Prostaglandins _____ inflammatory effects, whereas aspirin _____ them.
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Enhances
Diminishes |
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_____ are potent bronchoconstrictors and cause airway wall edema, increasing mucus production. They also attract _____ into the tissues and amplify the inflammatory response.
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Leukotrienes
Eosinophils |
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What part of the cells is arachidonic acid stripped from to make prostaglandins?
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Cell membrane (within the phospholipids)
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What is a prostaglandin that is produced in the walls of blood vessels that acts as a vasodilator and inhibits platelet aggregation?
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Prostacyclin
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