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94 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Infant Reflexes: Rooting
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Onset: 28 weeks gestation
Integration: 3 months Stimulus: Stroke the corner of the mouth, upper lip, and lower lip Response: Movement of the tongue, mouth, and/or head to the stimulus Relevance: Allows searching for and locating feeding source. |
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Infant Reflexes: Suck-swallow
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Onset: 28 weeks gestation
Integration: 2-5 months Stimulus: Place examiner's index finger inside infant's mouth with head in mid-line. Response: Strong, rhythmical sucking Relevance: Allows ingestion of nourishment |
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Infant Reflexes: Traction
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Onset: 28 weeks gestation
Integration: 2-5 months Stimulus: Grasp infants forearms and pull to sit Response: Complete flexion of upper extremities Relevance: Enhances momentary reflexive grasp |
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Infant Reflexes: Moro
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Onset: 28 weeks gestation
Integration: 4-6 months Stimulus: Rapidly drop infant's head backward Response: 1st phase- arm extension, abduction, hand opening. 2nd phase- arm flexion, adduction Relevance: facilitates ability to depart from dominant flexor posture: protective response. |
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Infant Reflex: Plantar Grasp
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Onset: 28 weeks gestation
Integration: 9 months Stimulus: Apply pressure with thumb on the infant's ball of the foot Response: Toe flexion Relevance: Increases tactile input to sole of foot |
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Infant Reflex: Galant
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Onset: 32 weeks gestation
Integration: 2 months Stimulus: Hold infant in prone suspension, gently scratch or tap alongside the spine with finger, from shoulder to buttocks. Response: Lateral trunk flexion and wrinkling of the skin on the stimulated side Relevance: Facilitates lateral trunk movements necessary for trunk stabilization |
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Infant Reflex: Asymmetric Tonic Neck
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Onset: 37 weeks gestation
Integration: 4-6 months Stimulus: fully rotate infant's head and hold for 5 seconds Response:Extension of extremities on the face side, flexion of extremities on the skull side. Relevance: Promotes visual hand regard |
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Infant Reflexes: Palmar Grasp
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Onset: 37 weeks gestation
Integration: 4-6 months Stimulus: Place examiner's finger in infant's palm Response: finger flexion; reflexive grasp Relevance: Increases tactile input on palm of hand |
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Infant Reflexes: Tonic Labyrinthine-Supine
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Onset: >37 weeks gestation
Integration: 6 months Stimulus: Place infant in supine Response: Increased extensor tone Relevance: Facilitates total body extensor tone |
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Infant Reflexes: Tonic Labyrinthine- Prone
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Onset: >37 weeks gestation
Integration: 6 months Stimulus: Place infant in prone Response: Increased flexor tone Relevance: Facilitates total body flexor tone |
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Labyrinthine/optical (head) righting
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Onset: Birth to 2 months
Integration: persists Stimulus: Hold infant suspended vertically and tilt slowly (about 45 degrees) to the side, forward, or backward. Response: Upright positioning of the head Relevance: Orients head in space; maintains face vertical |
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Infant Reflex: Landau
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Onset: 3-4 months
Integration: 12-24 months Stimulus: Hold infant in horizontal prone suspension Response: Complete extension of head, trunk, and extremities Relevance: Breaks up flexor dominance; facilitates prone extension |
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Infant Reflex: Symmetric tonic neck
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Onset: 4-6 months
Integration: 8-12 months Stimulus: Place infant in crawling position and extend the head Response: flexion of hips and knees Relevance: Breaks up total extensor posture; facilitates static quaduped position |
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Infant Reflex: Neck Righting (NOB)
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Onset: 4-6 months
Integration: 5 years Stimulus: Place infant in supine and fully turn head to one side Response: Log rolling of entire body to maintain alignment with the head Relevance: Maintains head/body alignment; initiates rolling (first ambulation effort) |
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Infant Reflex: Body righting (on body) (BOB)
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Onset: 4-6 months
Integration: 5 years Stimulus: Place infant in supine, flex one hip and knee toward the chest and hold it briefly Response: Segmental rolling of the upper trunk to maintain alignment Relevance: Facilitates trunk/spinal rotation |
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Infant Reflex:Downward Parachute (protective extension downward)
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Onset: 4 months
Integration: Persists Stimulus: Rapidly lower infant toward supporting surface while vertically suspended. Response: Extension of the lower extremities Relevance: Allows accurate placement of lower extremities in anticipation of a surface |
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Infant Reflex: Forward parachute (protective extension forward)
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Onset: 6-9 months
Integration: Persists Stimulus: Suddenly tip infant forward toward supporting surface while vertically suspended. Response: Sudden extension of upper extremities, hand opening, and neck extension Relevance: Allows accurate placement of upper extremities in anticipation of supporting surface to prevent a fall |
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Infant Reflex: Sideward Parachute (protective extension sideways)
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Onset: 7 months
Integration: Persists Stimulus: Quickly, but firmly, tip infant off balance to the side while in sitting position Response: Arm extension and abduction to the side Relevance: Protect body to prevent fall; supports body for unilateral use of opposite arm. |
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Infant Reflex: Backward parachute (protective extension backward)
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Onset: 9-10 months
Integration: Persists Stimulus: Quickly but firmly tip infant off balance backward Response: Backward arm extension or arm extension to one side Relevance: Protects body to prevent a fall; unilaterally facilitates spinal rotation |
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Infant Reflex: Prone tilting
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Onset: 5 months
Integration: Persists Stimulus: After positioning infant in prone, slowly raise one side of supporting surface Response: Curving of the spine toward the raised side (opposite to the pull of gravity); abduction/extension of arms and legs Relevance: Maintain equilibrium without arm support; facilitate postural adjustments in all positions. |
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Infant Reflex: Supine tilting and sitting tilting
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Onset: 7-8 months
Integration: Persists Stimulus: After positioning infant in supine or sitting, slowly raise one side of the supporting surface Response: Curving of the spine toward the raised side (opposite to the pull of gravity); abduction/extension of arms and legs Relevance: Maintain equilibrium without arm support; facilitate postural adjustments in all positions. |
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Infant reflex: quadruped tilting
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Onset: 9-12 months
Integration: Persists Stimulus: After positioning infant on all fours, slowly raise one side of the supporting surface Response: Curving of the spine toward the raised side (opposite to the pull of gravity); abduction/extension of arms and legs Relevance: Maintain equilibrium without arm support; facilitate postural adjustments in all positions. |
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Infant reflex: standing tiliting
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Onset: 12-21 months
Integration: Persists Stimulus: After positioning the infant in standing, slowly raise one side if the supporting surface Response: Curving of the spine toward the raised side (opposite to the pull of gravity); abduction/extension of arms and legs Relevance: Maintain equilibrium without arm support; facilitate postural adjustments in all positions. |
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Gross Motor Skills
Prone Position 0-2 months |
- Turns head side to side
- Lifts head momentarily - Bends hips with bottom in air - Lifts head and sustains in midline - Rotates head freely when up - Able to bear weight on forearms - Able to tuck chin and gaze at hands in forearm prop - Attempts to shift weight on forearms, resulting in shoulder collapse |
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Gross Motor Skills
Prone Position 5-6 months |
- Shifts weight on forearms and reaches forward
- Bears weight and shifts weight on extended arms - Legs are closer together and thighs roll inward toward natural alignment - Hips are flat on surface - Equilibrium reactions are present |
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Gross Motor Skills
Prone Position 5-8 months |
- Airplane posturing in prone position; chest and thighs lift off of surface
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Gross Motor Skills
Prone Position 7-8 months |
- Pivots in prone position
- Moves to prone position to sit |
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Gross Motor Skills
Prone Position 9 months |
Begins to dislike prone position
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Gross Motor Skills
Supine Position 0-3 months |
- Head held to one side
- Able to turn head side to side |
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Gross Motor Skills
Supine Position 3-4 months |
- Holds head in midline
- Chin is tucked and neck lengthens in back - Legs come together - Lower back flattens against floor |
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Gross Motor Skills
Supine Position 4-5 months |
- Head lag is gone when pulled to a sitting position
- Hands are together in space |
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Gross Motor Skills
Supine Position 5-6 months |
- Lifts head independently
- Brings feet to mouth - Brings hand to feet - Able to reach for toy with one or both hands - Hands are predominantly open |
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Gross Motor Skills
Supine Position 7-8 months |
- Equilibrium reactions are present
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Gross Motor Skill
Rolling 3-4 Months |
Rolls from prone position to side accidentally because of poor control of weight shift
- Rolls from supine position to side |
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Gross Motor Skill
Rolling 5-6 Months |
- Rolls from prone to supine position
- Rolls from supine position to side with right and left leg performing independent movements - Rolls from supine to prone position with right and left leg performing independent movements |
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Gross Motor Skill
Rolling 6-14 Months |
- Rolls segmentally with roll initiated by the head, shoulder, or hips
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Gross Motor Skill
Creeping 7 Months |
- Crawls forward on belly
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Gross Motor Skill
Creeping 7-10 Months |
-Reciprocal creep
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Gross Motor Skill
Creeping 10-11 Months |
- Creeps on hands and feet
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Gross Motor Skill
Creeping 11-12 Months |
- Creeps well
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Gross Motor Skill
Sitting 0-3 Months (held in sitting) |
- Head bobs in sitting
- Back is rounded - Hips are apart, turned out, bent - Head is steady Chin tucks; able to gaze at floor - Sits with less support - Hips are bent and shoulders are in front of hips |
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Gross Motor Skill
Sitting 5-6 months (supports self in sitting) |
- Sits alone momentarily
- Increased extension in back - Sits by propping forward on arms - Wide base, legs are bent - Periodic use of "high guard" position - Protective responses present when falling to the front |
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Gross Motor Skill
Sitting 5-10 months (sits alone) |
- Sits alone steadily, initially with wide base of support
- Able to play with toys in a sitting position. |
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Gross Motor Skill
Sitting 6-11 Months |
- Gets to sitting position from prone
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Gross Motor Skill
Sitting 7-8 Months |
- Equilibrium reactions are present
- - Able to rotate upper body while lower body remains stationary - Protective responses are present when falling to the side |
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Gross Motor Skill
Sitting 8-10 Months |
- Sits well with support
- Legs are closer; full upright position, knees straight - Increased variety of positions, including "W" sit and side sit - Difficult fine motor tasks may prompt return to wide base of support |
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Gross Motor Skill
Sitting 9-18 Months |
- Rises from supine position by first rolling over to stomach, then pushing up into four-point position
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Gross Motor Skill
Sitting 10-12 Months |
- Protective extension backwards, first with bent elbows then with straight elbows
- Able to move in and out of sitting position to other positions |
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Gross Motor Skill
Sitting 11-12 Months |
- Trunk control and equilibrium responses are fully developed in sitting position
- Further increase in variety of positions possible |
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Gross Motor Skill
Sitting 11-24 Months |
- Rises from supine by first rolling to side then pushing up into sitting position.
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Gross Motor Skill
Standing 0-3 Months |
- When held in standing position, takes some weight on legs
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Gross Motor Skill
Standing 2-3 Months |
- When held in standing position, legs may give way
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Gross Motor Skill
Standing 3-4 Months |
- Bears some weight on legs
- Head is up in midline, no chin tuck - Pelvis and hips are behind shoulders - Legs are apart and turned outward |
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Gross Motor Skill
Standing 5-10 Months |
- Stands while holding onto furniture
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Gross Motor Skill
Standing 5-6 Months |
- Increased capability to bear weight
- Decreased support needed; may be held by arms or hands - Legs are still spread apart and turned outward - Bounces in standing position |
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Gross Motor Skill
Standing 6-12 Months |
- Pulls to standing position at furniture
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Gross Motor Skill
Standing 8-9 Months |
- Rotates the trunk over the lower extremities
- Lower extremities are more active in pulling to a standing position - Pulls to a standing position by kneeling, then half kneeling |
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Gross Motor Skill
Standing 9-13 Months |
- Pulls to standing position with legs only, no longer needs arms
- Stands alone momentarily |
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Gross Motor Skill
Standing 12 Months |
- Equilibrium reactions are present in standing
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Gross Motor Skill
Walking 8 Months |
Cruises Sideways
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Gross Motor Skill
Walking 8-18 Months |
Walks with two hands held
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Gross Motor Skill
Walking 9-10 Months |
Cruises around furniture, turning slightly in intended direction
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Gross Motor Skill
Walking 9-17 Months |
Takes independent steps, falls easily
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Gross Motor Skill
Walking 10-14 Months |
Walking: stoops and recovers in play
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Gross motor skill
Walking 11 Months |
- Walks with one hand held
- Reaches for furniture out of reach when cruising - Cruises in either direction, no hesitation |
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Gross Motor Skill
Walking 15 Months |
Able to start and stop in walking
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Gross Motor Skill
Walking 18 Months |
- Seldom Falls
- Runs stiffly with eyes on ground |
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Gross Motor Skill
Release |
0-1 Month: No release, grasp reflex is strong
1-4 Months: Involuntary release 4 Months: Mutual fingering in midline 4-8 Months: Transfers objects from hand to hand 5-6 Months: Two stage transfer; taking hand grasps before releasing hand lets go 6-7 Months: One stage transfer; taking hand and releasing hand perform actions simultaneously |
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Gross Motor Skill
Release |
7-9 Months: Volitional release
7-10 Months: Presses down on surface to release 8 Months: Releases above a surface with wrist flexion 9-10 Months: Releases into a container with wrist straight 10-14 Months: Clumsy release into small container; hand rests on edge of container 12-15 Months: Precise, controlled release into small container with wrist extended. |
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Gross Motor Skill
Stair Climbing |
15 Months: Creeps up stairs
18-24 Months: Walks up stairs while holding on; walks down stairs while holding on 18-23 Months: Creeps backward down stairs 2-2.5+ Years: Walks up stairs without support, marking time; walks down stairs without support, marking time 2-2.5-3 Years: Walks up stairs, alternating feet 3-3.5 Years: Walks down stairs, alternating feet |
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Gross Motor Skill
Jumping & Hopping |
2 Year: Jumps down from step
2.5+ Year: Hops on one foot, few steps 3 Year: Jumps off floor with both feet 3-5 Year: Jumps over objects 3.5-5 Year: Hops on one foot 3-4 Year: Gallops, leading with one foot and transferring weight smoothly and evenly 5 Year: Hops in a straight line 5-6 Year: Skips on alternating feet, maintaining balance |
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Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development
Level 1: Preconventional Morality: Occurs up until the age of 8 |
Stage 1: Punishment and obedience- the child is obedient in order to avoid punishment.
Stage 2: Instrumental relativism- the child makes moral choices based on the benefits to self and sometimes to others. |
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Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development
Level 2: Conventional Morality: Occurs at about 9 or 10 years of age |
Stage 1: Social Conformity- The child desires to gain the approval of others
Stage 2: Law and Order- Rules and social norms are internalized |
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Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development
Level 3: Post Conventional Morality- Age range will vary and not all will achieve this level |
1- Social Contracts: The young adult has social awareness and an awareness of the legal implications of decisions/actionsnn
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Erikson's 8 Stages of Man
Basic trust v. mistrust |
The infant/baby realizes that survival and comfort needs will be met; hope is integrated into the personality (birth to 18 months)
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Erikson's 8 Stages of Man
Autonomy v. doubt and shame |
The child realizes that he can control bodily functions; self-controlled will is integrated into the personality
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Erikson's 8 Stages of Man
Initiative v. guilt |
The child gains social skills and a gender role identity; a sense of purpose is integrated into the personality (preschool age)
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Erikson's 8 Stages of Man
Industry v. inferiority |
The child gains sense of security through peers and gains mastery over activities of his/her age group; a feeling of competency is integrated into the personality
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Erikson's 8 Stages of Man
Self identity v. role diffusion |
The teenager begins to make choices about adult roles, and with the resolution of this identity crisis a sense of fidelity or membership with society is integrated into the personality (teenage years)
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Erikson's 8 Stages of Man
Intimacy and solidarity v. isolation |
The young adult establishes an intimate relationship with a partner and family; the capacity to love is achieved (young adulthood)
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Erikson's 8 Stages of Man
Generativity v. self absorption |
The adult finds security in the contribution of his chosen personal/professional roles; the capacity to care is achieved (middle adulthood)
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Erikson's 8 Stages of Man
Integrity v. despair |
The mature adult reflects on his or her own value, and shares with the younger generation the knowledge gained; wisdom is acquired (maturity)
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Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
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If the lower levels are not met, the individual is unable to work on higher pursuits
1- Philosophic: Basic survival needs (food, water, rest, warmth) 2- Safety: The need for physical and psychological security 3- Love and belonging: The need for affection, emotional support and group affiliation 4- Self-esteem: The need to believe in one's self as a competent and valuable member of society 5- Self actualization: The need to achieve one's personal goals; after attaining all of the psychosocial developmental milestones. |
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Piaget's Constructs
Adaptation |
Responding to environmental challenges as they occur
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Piaget's Constructs
Mental Schemes |
Organizing experiences into concepts
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Piaget's Constructs
Operations |
The cognitive method used by the child to organize schemes and experiences to direct subsequent actions
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Piaget's Constructs
Adapted intelligence |
Cognitive competence
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Piaget's Constructs
Equilibrium |
The balance between what the child knows and can act on and what the environment provides
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Piaget's Constructs
Assimilation |
The ability to take a new situation and change it to match an existing scheme or generalization
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Piaget's Constructs
Accomodation |
The development of a new scheme in response to the reality of a situation, or discrimination.
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Piaget's Sensory Motor Period
Birth to 2 years |
-Reflexive stage: schemes begin in response to reflexes (1 month).
- Primary circular reactions: child learns about cause and effect as a result of reflexive sensorimotor patterns that are repeated for enjoyment (2-4 months) - Secondary circular reactions: Voluntary movement patterns emerge due to coordination of vision and hand function, and an early awareness of cause and effect develops (5-8 months) - Coordination of secondary schemata: Voluntary movement in response to stimuli that cannot be seen such as in object permanence, and early development of decentered thought (9-12 months) - Tertiary circular reactions: The child seeks out new schemes, with improved gross and fine motor abilities, tool use begins (12-18 months). - Intervention of new means through mental combinations: The child demonstrates insight and purposeful tool use, and explores problem solving options. The ability to represent concepts without direct manipulation emerges (18 months to 2 years). - Child progresses from reflexive activity to mental representation, to cognitive functions of combining and manipulating objects in play. |
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Piaget's Preoperational Period
Age 2-7 Years |
Classification: categorizing objects according to similarities and differences.
Seriation: The relationship of one object or classification of objects to another Conservation: The end product of the preoperational period. The child is able to recognize the continuities of an object or class of objects in spite of apparent changes. The preoperational period is divided into 2 phases - Preconceptual: The child expands vocabulary and symbolic representations (2 to 4 years) - Intuitive thought phase: The child imitates, copies, or repeats what is seen or heard and bases conclusions on what he believes to be true, rather than logic.Inductive reasoning denotes a transition to the next stage. Child progresses from dependence on perception, as opposed to logic, and egocentric orientation and logical thought, for solving problems. Child enjoys verbal play. |
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Piaget's Concrete Operations
Age 7-11 years |
- Reversibility: an expansion of conservation, leads to increased spatial awareness.
- Rules: as rules are better understood, they are also applied. - Empirico-inductive thinking: the child solves problems with the information that is obvious and present. - Child uses logical thinking on observed or mentally represented objects, enjoying games with rules, which help the child adjust to social demands. |
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Piaget's Formal Operations
Age 11 through the teen years |
- Hypothetico-deductive thinking; the ability to analyze and plan.
- Child uses logic to hypothesize many ways to solve problems, and can draw from past and present experiences to imagine what can have an effect on future situations. |