Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is the most common cause of musculoskeletal problems?
|
injury from a traumatic event
|
|
How often are accidents fatal?
|
they are the leading cause of death in children and young adults; in all ages, accidents are only exceeded by heart disease, cancer, and strokes as a cause of death
|
|
What accounts for many musculoskeletal injuries in the home?
|
Falls
|
|
Soft tissue injuries
|
sprains, strains, dislocations, and subluxation
|
|
What are the 2 most common types of injury affecting the musculoskeletal system?
|
sprains and strains
|
|
What is a sprain?
|
an injury to ligamentous structures surrounding a joint
|
|
What is a sprain usually caused by?
|
A wrenching or twisting motion
|
|
Classification of sprains
|
First-degree (mild), second-degree (moderate), and third-degree (severe)
|
|
First-degree sprain
|
involves tears of only a few fibers resulting in mild tenderness and slight swelling
|
|
Second-degree sprain
|
partial disruption of the involved tissue with more swelling and tenderness
|
|
Third-degree sprain
|
complete tearing of the ligament
|
|
Why are sprains so painful?
|
because these areas are rich in nerve endings
|
|
Possible assessment of a third-degree sprain
|
a gap in the muscle may be observed or palpated if the muscle is torn
|
|
What are the most common areas where sprains occur?
|
the ankle and wrist
|
|
What is a strain?
|
an excessive stretching of a muscle and its facial sheath. It often also involves the tendon
|
|
Classifications of strains
|
first-degree, second-degree, third-degree
|
|
First-degree strain
|
mild or slightly pulled muscle
|
|
Second-degree strain
|
moderate or moderately pulled muscle
|
|
Third-degree strain
|
severely pulled muscles
|
|
Clinical manifestations of strains and sprains
|
pain, edema, decrease in function, edema; Pain aggravated by continued use is common
|
|
Prevention of falls in the older adult
|
*use ramps instead of stairs
*eliminate scatter rugs *treat pain from arthritis *use walker or cane *weight control *regular exercise *good shoes *do activities slowly |
|
What can happen with a severe sprain?
|
it may result in an avulsion frature or may put the joint into dislocation or subluxation
|
|
What is an avulsion fracture
|
a fracture where a ligament pulls lose a fragment of bone
|
|
Hemarthrosis
|
bleeding into a joint space or cavity
|
|
treatment for third-degree sprains
|
they usually require surgical suturing of the muscle and surrounding fascia
|
|
how does preconditioning exercise help a joint?
|
protects an in inherently weak joint because slow stretching is tolerated better by tissues than is quick stretching
|
|
How do warm-up exercises help
|
they prelengthen potentially strained tissues and they increase the temperature and metabolism of the muscle and better oxygenation
|
|
Benefits of stretching
|
thought to improve kinesthetic awareness
|
|
how do elastic support bandages or adhesive tape wrapping help in exercise?
|
they are thought to reduce the risk of sprains, but some think they may increase the risk of injury
|
|
impingement syndrome
|
entrapment of soft tissue structures under coracoacromial arch of the shoulder
|
|
treatment for impingement syndrome
|
NSAIDs; rest until sx decrease and then gradual ROM and strengthening exercises
|
|
Rotator cuff tear
|
tear within muscle ore ligaments of shoulder
|
|
treatment for minor rotator cuff tear
|
if minor, rest, NSAIDs, and gradual mobilization
|
|
treatment for major rotator cuff tear
|
Surgical repair
|
|
Shin splints
|
inflammation along tibial shaft from tearing away of tendons caused by improper shoes, overuse, or running on hard pavement
|
|
treatment for shin splints
|
rest, ice NSAIDs, proper shoes; gradual increase in activity; if pain persists, x-ray should be done to rule out stress fracture of tibia
|
|
Tendinitis
|
inflammation of tendon in uppor or lower extremity as a result of overuse or incorrect use
|
|
treatment for tendinitis
|
rest, ice, NSAIDs; gradual return to sport activity; protective brace(orthosis)may be necessary if sx recur
|
|
Ligament injury
|
tearing or stretching of ligament;
|
|
Symptoms of a ligament injury
|
sudden pain, swelling, instability
|
|
common cause of ligament injury
|
result of a direct blow
|
|
treatment for ligament injury
|
rest, ice, NSAIDs,; protection of the affected extremity by use of brace; if sx persist, surgical rapair may be necessary
|
|
meniscal injury
|
injury to fibrocartilage of the knee charactized by popping, clicking, or tearing sensation, swelling
|
|
treatment for meniscal injury
|
rest, ice NSAIDs; gradual return to regular activities; if sx persist, surgical arthroscopy to diagnose and repair meniscal injury may be necessary
|
|
What does immediate care of sprains and strains focus on?
|
RICE (rest, ice, compression, elevation) plus analgesia as necessary
|
|
RICE
|
rest, ice, compression, elevation
|
|
extremity movement in strains and sprains
|
movement should be limited and stopped if pain is felt
|
|
physiologic changes in cryotherapy
|
vasoconstriction and reduction in number of nerve transmissions
|
|
beneficial effects of cryotherapy
|
analgesia, anesthesia, reduction of muscle spasm, reduction of edema and inflammation, reduction of metabolic requirements
|
|
When is cryotherapy most useful?
|
right after the injury has occured
|
|
cryotherapy application
|
do not exceede 20-30 minutes per application with a warm-up time of 10-15 minutes between applications
|
|
Benefit of compression
|
helps limit swelling
|
|
What can swelling cause if left uncontrolled?
|
could lengthen healing time
|
|
How can you tell if a compression bandage is too tight?
|
numbness is felt in the area or there is cramping or additional pain or swelling beyond the edge of the bandage
|
|
application of compression
|
bandage can be left in place for 30 minutes and then removed for 15 minutes
|
|
positioning of sprained or strained extremity
|
should be elevated above the aeart level
|
|
why should the strained/sprained extremity be elevated?
|
reduce edema
|
|
when should the strained/sprained extremity be elevated
|
as much as possible, even while sleeping
|
|
How long does the acute phase of a sprain or strain usually last
|
24-48 hours
|
|
what kind of compresses should be applied after the acute phase of a sprain or strain
|
warm moist
|
|
Application of heat in sprains and strains
|
should not exceed 20-30 minutes with a cool-down period between applications
|
|
What do NSAIDs do for a sprain or strain
|
may be recommended to decrease edema and pain
|
|
should the patient use a strained or sprained limb?
|
yes, provided the joint is protected by means of casting, bracng, taping, or splinting
|
|
why should movement of a sprained or strained limb be encouraged?
|
movement of the joint maintains nutrition to the cartilage, and muscle contraction improves circulation and resulotion of the contusion
|
|
Application of heat in sprains and strains
|
should not exceed 20-30 minutes with a cool-down period between applications
|
|
What do NSAIDs do for a sprain or strain
|
may be recommended to decrease edema and pain
|
|
should the patient use a strained or sprained limb?
|
yes, provided the joint is protected by means of casting, bracng, taping, or splinting
|
|
why should movement of a sprained or strained limb be encouraged?
|
movement of the joint maintains nutrition to the cartilage, and muscle contraction improves circulation and resulotion of the contusion
|