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206 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
"limnology"
|
study of relationships of organisms in INLAND h2o
as they're affected by physical chemical biotic enviros |
|
"freshwater ecology"
|
study of relationships of organisms in FRESHWATER as they're affected by
physical chemical biotic enviros |
|
lentic system
|
STILL water
lake pond res inland sea |
|
lotic system
|
running water
stream river |
|
limnology includes
|
geology
physics chemistry biology |
|
hierarchal levels in ecology
|
-individual
-population -community -ecosystem |
|
individual level
(hierarchal level) |
behavior
physiology |
|
population level
(hierarchal level) |
life history
abundance distribution genetics |
|
community level
(hierarchal level) |
species interactions
community assembly change |
|
ecosystem level
(hierarchal level) |
energy and nutrient cycling
|
|
stratification based on
|
small differences in water density
due to temp / salinity changes |
|
lake profile
top to bottom |
epilimnion
metalimnion hypolimnion monimolimnion |
|
thermocline located
|
in the metalimnion
|
|
chemocline located
|
between hypolimnion and monimolimnion
|
|
gasses can go into what layer of lake
|
monimolimnion
(warm, saline, gas-rich water) |
|
freshwater distribution
|
ICE : 2.1%
GROUNDh2o : 0.6% LAKES : 0.01% ATMOSPHERE : 0.001% RIVERS : 0.0001% |
|
freshwater distribution
(INland liquid h2o) |
GROUNDh2o: 96%
LAKES : 1.4% RIVERS : 0.01% |
|
freshwater distribution
(INland SURFACE water) |
LAKES > 99%
RIVERS < 1% |
|
provides majority of our water?
|
surface water
|
|
"stream"
|
freshwater flowing downhill in defined channel
(lotic system) |
|
"stream order"
|
measure of longitudinal position
along river continuum 1+1 = 2 2+1 = 2 2+2 = 3 3+1 = 3 3+2 = 3 3+3 = 4 *begins w/ first order* |
|
runoff =
|
RO = P - ET
|
|
components of stream flow generation
|
1. infiltration capactiy
2. hortonian overland flow 3. groundwater recharge 4. shallow sub-surface flow 5. saturation overland flow |
|
infiltration capacity
(stream flow generation) |
max rate soil can absorb precip
|
|
hortonian overland flow
(stream flow generation) |
precip > infiltration capacity
= sheet flow due to saturation |
|
groundwater recharge
(stream flow generation) |
water moving down and across the water table
|
|
shallow sub-surface flow
(stream flow generation) |
movement thru saturated layers
(piping) |
|
saturation overland flow
(stream flow generation) |
sheet flow due to saturation below
|
|
baseflow
|
flow sustained by groundwater in absence of precip
|
|
stormflow
|
flow associated with storms
((Groundwater + Sheetflow)) |
|
"gaining reach"
|
stream w/ increasing flow
(effluent stream) =- gaining from water table |
|
"losing reach"
|
stream w/ decreasing flow
(influent stream) -- losing water to water table |
|
"discharge"
|
flow w/i the stream
|
|
discharge equation
|
Q = u w z
discharge = (velocity)(width)(depth) |
|
"stage"
|
height of stream/river used to determine discharge
|
|
"rating curve"
|
relationship between 'stage' and discharge
(increase stage (height) = increase discharge) |
|
"hydrograph"
|
continuous record of Q (discharge) over time
|
|
storm hydrograph
|
record of Q following precip
|
|
competent flow
|
flow capable of carrying a particle
|
|
"load"
|
amt of material in transport
|
|
'bed load'
|
particles moving along bottom
(not much of transport) |
|
'suspended load'
|
particles moving while suspended in water column
|
|
turbidity =
|
total suspended solids
|
|
dissolved load
|
dissolved materials in transport (no work required)
|
|
'riffles'
|
shallow
fast coarse substrate erosional at low Q |
|
'pools'
|
deep
slow fine substrate depositional at low Q |
|
6 types of lake formation
|
1. tectonic
2. volcanic 3. glacial 4. fluvial 5. dissolution 6. man-made |
|
tectonic lake (2)
(lake formation) |
1. GRABEN:
-faulting = slipping block -deeper *african rift valley* 2. UP-LIFTING -shallower |
|
volcanic lake
(lake formation) |
*crater lake in caldera*
*lake nyos* |
|
glacial lake
(lake formation) |
***NOT as deep as tectonic (graben from faulting)*
1. Cirque 2. Moraine (*great lakes* 3. Kettle |
|
fluvial lake
(lake formation) |
floodplain lakes
|
|
dissolution lake
(lake formation) |
dissolution of limestone
-+ collapse |
|
man-made lake
(lake formation) |
reservoirs
|
|
physical structure of lakes *3factors*
|
1. formation
2.life zones 3. characterizing lake shape **"metrics"** |
|
lake life zones
|
littoral -- benthic -- profundal
littoral --pelagic -- littoral photic (P>R) _______ aphotic (P<R) |
|
"fetch"
|
length of lake that wind blows along
(determines energy for waves / mixing) |
|
"z"
|
depth
z(max) = maximum depth |
|
"A"
|
area
|
|
"v"
|
volume
|
|
_
z |
mean depth
|
|
mean depth
|
(volume)/(surface area)
_ z |
|
mean depth can affect
|
stratification
currents light penetration |
|
"Dl"
|
shoreline development
|
|
shoreline development
|
Dl
circle = 1 (less circular = higher number) *can increase terrestrial influence* |
|
Dl equation
|
Dl = L / (2 x squaroot {pie area})
|
|
retention
|
residence time
V / Q (a lot of reservoirs ~1yr lake tahoe ~700yrs) |
|
water special qualities (4)
|
1. temp-density relationship
2. specific heat 3. heat of vaporization 4. flow boundaries / particle sinking |
|
water temp-density relationship
|
ice is less dense than water (hexagonal)
colder water is denser |
|
lake stratification
|
1. epillimnion
2. metalimnion 3. hypolimnion |
|
"specific heat"
|
heat needed to raise 1g h2o 1*C
(water has high spec heat... needs a lotta heat to increase heat) |
|
"heat of vaporization"
|
heat needed to change state
(water needs lotta heat to change state) |
|
"aquatic life is thermally buffered"
|
water resists temp change
|
|
"flow boundary layer"
|
water has zero velocity at a surface
and increases further from a surface |
|
stokes law
|
sinking rate is a function of the size and density of the sphere
AND the viscocity and density of the water |
|
sinking rate equation
|
U = 2g(r^2)(p'-p)
_____________ 9μ |
|
factors affecting sinking rate
|
organisms alter:
1. shape 2. size 3. density (oil, gas bubbles) +viscocity / density of h2o |
|
light's importance
|
photosynthesis
heat aquatic systems influence organism activity |
|
solar constant
|
1.94 cal/cm2/min
|
|
"PAR"
|
photosynthetically active rad
(visible) |
|
amt of PAR striking surface varies with
|
1. latitude
2. season 3. time of day 4. altitude 5. atmospheric conditions |
|
fate of light hitting water
|
1. reflection (5%)
(angle..) 2. scattering (25%) (due to molecules / particles) 3. absorbtion ("transformation to HEAT) 4. transmission |
|
light attenuation
-eutrophic -mesotrophic -oligotrophic |
eutrophic:
light doesn't travel deep AT ALL mesotrophic -light travels deep- but not very much oligotrophic -light travels deeep (almost 100% of light travels deep) |
|
extinction coeficient
(quantifies light attenuation) |
.002 m-1
OLIGOTROPHIC ~100% reaches 5m depth 0.39 m-1 MESOTROPHIC 14% reaches 5m depth 1.00 m-1 EUTROPHIC <1% reaches 5m depth |
|
wL's travel to greatest / least depths
(transmittence) |
blue to greatest depth
green yellow red longer wavelengths don't travel to depth ... red least transmission blue most transmission |
|
transmission of light (red/blue/green)
-eutrophic -mesotrophic -oligotrophic |
EUTROPHIC
-blue --red ---green (depth) MESOTROPHIC -blue --green ---red OLIGOTROPHIC -red ---green -----blue |
|
secchi disk measures
|
light travel ... ~ 10% light level
= 1.7 / z (secchi depth) |
|
secchi depth
& EUTRO MESO OLIGO |
OLIGOTROPHIC
-highest secchi depth -lowest extinction coefficient MESO medium EUTROPHIC -lowest secchi depth -highest extinction coefficient |
|
heat INputs
|
primarily from SOLAR heating
(upper few m's absorb 50% of energy (ie long WL converted to heat) +advective (inflow from streams) +conductive (from air / ground) |
|
heat OUTputs
|
1. longwave IR
2. evaporation 3. advective (outflow) 4. conductive (ground air) 5. reflection / back scattering |
|
"epillimnion"
|
layer of warm,
well mixed isothermal |
|
"metalimnion"
|
layer where steep temp gradient occurs (between hypo and epill)
*ie place of thermocline* |
|
"thermocline"
|
plane of max temp change w/ depth
|
|
"hypolimnion"
|
layer of cold,
undisturbed h2o UNDER thermocline |
|
AMICTRIC
|
NEVER mixes
ALWAYS STRATIFIED always covered with ice *ANTARCTICA* |
|
cold monomictic
|
*one mixing*
-stratified winter (under ice) -mixed summer *CANADA* |
|
warm monomictic
|
*one mixing*
-stratified in summer -mixed winter *SE US* |
|
DIMICTIC
|
2 MIXINGS /yr
--summer stratified --fall mixing (turnover) --winter stratifies (inverse) --spring mixing (turnover) ****NE US***** *** MUST HAVE WINTER ICE COVER*** |
|
POLYMICTIC
|
mix frequently thru yr
|
|
"meromixes"
|
incomplete mixing during turnover
bc permanent density differences BC OF CHEMICALS |
|
salt v density
|
more salt = more dense
|
|
"chemocline"
|
plane of density change
between hypolimnion & monimolimnion |
|
o2 sources
|
1. diffusion (atmosphere)
2. photosynthesis |
|
O2 sinks
|
1. diffusion (atmosphere)
2. chemical oxidation 3. respiration |
|
influences O2 solubility
|
amt o2 proportional to the pressure of that gas in the overlying atm
**more DO w/ LOWER TEMP LESS SALINITY HIGH PRESSURE **ie low temp, low altitude, low salinity |
|
%saturation of O2 equation
|
O2 observed
___________ O2 saturation x100 (saturation = amt in solution accounting pressure / temp / salinity) |
|
verticle profile of O2 concentration includes
|
othograde curve
clinograde curve (extreme (summerkill |
|
lake trophic status
|
oligotrohpic / eutrophic
|
|
"oligotrophic"
|
deep
low nutrients low rate of production |
|
"eutrophic"
|
shallow
high nutrients high rates of production |
|
"orthograde curve"
(type of DO curve) |
~100% saturation
--concentration lower in warm top layer --concentration higher in cool bottom layers ***oligotrophic***during stratification**** |
|
"clinograde curve"
|
DO low (not close to 100%saturation)
---high epillimnmic DO (circulation + photosynthesis) ---low in hypolimnion (oxidative processes) |
|
extreme clinograde curve
|
HIGHLY eutrophic
*often meromictic* often due to summerkill (NO DO at depth) |
|
determines hypolimnic DO
(DURING stratification) |
1. lake productivity
(how much organic matter) 2. depth (deeper = more O2 / area) 3. duration 4. advection 5. initial O2 concentration |
|
conditions for SUMMERKILL
|
warm
calm HIGH NUTRIENT = ALGAL BLOOM --high algal respiration --decomposition of algae (microbial respiration) --O2 DECLINES (at night) --OR upwelling of hypolimnion |
|
conditions for WINTERKILL
|
ice cover limits aeration
organic matter decomposes(respoiration) NO O2 |
|
metalimnetic MAximum
|
positive heterograde (DO)curve
DO has sharp increase and decrease in metamolimnion (ALGAL BLOOMS)-photosynthesis |
|
metalimnetic MINIMUM
|
negative heterograde (DO) curve
DO sharply decreases then increases in metamolimnic (OXIDATION -decreases DO) |
|
metalimnetic minimum
(algae sinkage?) |
rapid sink in epilimnion
SLOW in metalimnium (when DO decreases) = high deposition + zooplankton |
|
GPP
gross primary production |
total autotrophic production
|
|
respiration
|
O2 consumption by autotrophs (Ra) and heterotrophs (Rh)
|
|
NPP
net primary production |
GPP - Ra
(total O2 production - autotroph resp) |
|
NEP
net ecosystem production |
GPP - Ra - Rh
total O2 production - respiration by auto and hetero-trophs |
|
measure primary production?
|
light and dark bottle
(measure DO in each) |
|
turbulent stream DO
|
usually 100%
great aeration |
|
archaea
|
not bacteria
essential to nutrient cycling present everywhere |
|
three main groups
(organisms) |
-bacteria
-archaea -eukarya |
|
bacteria
|
everywhere
photoautotroph chemotroph heterotroph decomposition |
|
bacteria and archaea
|
control cycles:
--carbon --nitrogen --sulfur --iron / manganese |
|
aerobic respiration
|
glucose oxidized to CO2
oxygen reduced to H2o |
|
bacteria degrade organic matter
|
use O2
IF NONE -NO3- *nitrate* -Fe3+ iron -SO4 2- *sulfate -CO2 |
|
degradation of organic matter from top of lake to bottom
|
O2 = aerobic respiration
NO3-= denitrification Fe3+ = iron reduction SO4 2- = sulfate reduction |
|
chemoautotrophy
|
bacteria use O2 to oxidize organic matter
(or ammonium iron...) |
|
cyanobacteria
|
mostly photoautotrophs
(produce O2) fix N w/ heterocysts float w/ gas *can produce toxins * |
|
algae
*5 groups* |
1. chlorophycea (green algae)
2. chrysophycea (golden brown) 3. dinophycea (dinoflaggelates) 4. bacillariophycea (diatoms) 5. euglenophycea (euglenoids) |
|
chlorophycea
|
green algae
~exclusively freshh20 single to multicell asex +sexual reproduction *photoautotrophs *heterotrophs |
|
ChRYSOphycea
|
oligotrophic
photosynthesis heterotroph |
|
dinophycea
|
dinoflaggellates
lentic systems |
|
bacillariophycea
|
common in plankton / biofilms
sometimes colonial *photosynthesis *heterotroph *symbiotes |
|
euglenophycea
|
eutrophic lakes
*photosynthesis *heterotrophs |
|
organisms fighting gravity
|
1. size matters
2. form resistence (dynophycea = flagellated) 3. mucilage production (cyanobacteria) (4 balls) 4. gas vacuoles 5. swimming 6. lipid / oil production |
|
phytoplankton
changes by season |
WINTER
-small species (light limiting) SPRING (light increases) (water warms) blooms SUMMER *DeCline* -zooplankton grazing -nutrient limits ..greens dominate 1st.. later cyano FALL *ABundance* -reduced zooplankton -mixing |
|
niwot ridge N concentration
|
N concentration high
--ff combustion --cows atmospheric deposition |
|
phosphorous in CO
|
not much
rocks -apetite |
|
electrical conductivity
aka specific conductivity |
increase salinity = increase conductivity
(cond = 0 = distilled h2o) |
|
turbidity
|
suspended sediment
|
|
spring deciduous forest
-discharge |
increased transpiration
== INCREASE DISCHARGE |
|
orange stream -- mine drainage
--pH |
orange = Fe3+ (feric iron)
LOW pH -sulfur from pyrite (FeS2) -pyrite --> sulfuric acid (+ feric hydroxide) *bacteria burn reduced iron / sulfur best -- NEED O2 + H2o --- pyrite now exposed to O2, H2o that it wasn't b4 high conductivity due to acidity |
|
conductivity related to acidity
|
low pH = acidic (no buffer)
= acidic water dissolves Al, Zinc, Cu, Cd (METALS) = HIGH CONDUCTIVITY |
|
orange iron is..
|
oxidized iron
|
|
metal solubiliity in pH 2.5-3
|
all metals soluble
(can have clear h2o in low pH mine drainage areas) |
|
solutions for mine (7)
|
1. seal mine
(prevent h2o from seeping in (limit O2 2. kill bacteria (slows reaction rate (only on small scale 3. tarp down drainage + topsoil on top 4. add CaCO3 (limestone) as buffer -- must do it continuously -- for zinc (highly soluble) must raise pH to 9 -- when limestone covered w/ iron no longer effective 5. catch iron b4 oxidation (Fe2+ [oxidated] more soluble than Fe3+) 6. "wetland" -- long enuf residence time = run out of o2 (sulfate in sulfuric acid can be reduced... increases pH) 7. GOOD TOPSOIL -high CEC cation exchange capacity -bind zinc cu ... metals |
|
more mossy conditions
|
-lower watershed =
more consistent flow (less snowmelt = no flooding |
|
mayfly v
stonefly |
mayfly = 3 tails
stonefly 2 tails |
|
EPT test
|
test of health
(percent of mayflys/ catusflys /stoneflys out of other 100 organisms higher percent = healthier |
|
whiter downstream mine drainage
|
Al comes out
NOT flourishing ecosystem due to Al == even tho pH higher than upstream |
|
salinity / density
|
increase salinity = increase density
|
|
avg stream velocity?
|
lower than avg SURFACE velocity
(rocks)(flow boundary) |
|
alkalinity units
|
mg CaCO3 / L
|
|
snow alkalinity
|
snow hasn't interacted w/ any CaCO3 -- not buffered
= low alkalinity |
|
inverts
|
stoneflys/mayflys/catusflys
|
|
"IBI"
|
index of biotic integrity
tell health by type / amt of organisms |
|
stoneflys sensitive
|
to temp
|
|
infiltration capacity
|
sand- high
clay - low |
|
perrenial stream
(hydrograph) |
spring stream
stable flow MISSOURI hydrograph = relativly straight horizontal line (no big peeak / low) |
|
intermittent stream
(hydrograph) |
defined peaks / lows
|
|
flashy hydrograph
|
up/down continuously
rainy |
|
cirque lake
|
(glacial)
top lake rounded |
|
moraine lake
|
(glacial)
longer -- sediment build up at botttom |
|
kettle lake
|
(glacial)
little ice depression further than glaciar mass |
|
"littoral"
|
rooted plants
shallow near shore |
|
"pelagic zone"
|
zone in between littorals
|
|
"benthic"
|
bottom of lake
|
|
"profundal"
|
benthic zone of dark part of lake
(ie in APHOTIC part of lake ... doesn't continue to photic) |
|
"photic"
|
top light half
P>R |
|
"aphotic"
|
bottom dark half
P<R (compensation pt: P=R) |
|
warmest?
calm day? windy day? |
warmest on top (solar heating)
calm day - surface heats more windy - may remix h2o column |
|
water most dense
|
4*C
|
|
wind creates
|
epillimnion
(otherwise temp curve looks straight) ... can have even if not stratified |
|
lake stability determines
|
when lake will turnover
|
|
organisms can change density by
|
air bubbles
oil lipids (algae can have large oil production (biofuel?) |
|
light scattered best
|
blue
bounce arnd then back see blue |
|
algae + wLs
|
algae absorbs all but green
|
|
main limiting nutrient
|
N
(other than tropical -- old so limited P) |
|
chlorophyll test
|
tests absorbancy
(tells how much algae) |
|
measuring Q with chemical
|
add chemical and measure how diluted downstream
(conductivity increases then decreases as go downstream) |
|
humic fulvic acids do good?
|
can protect some organisms from UC (absorbs short wLs
|
|
turquoise lakes
|
clear water with some suspended solids
|
|
humidity / evaporation
|
increase humidity = less evaportaion
(keeps lake warmer) |
|
advective cooling
|
warm h2o leaves from top of lake
|
|
conductive loss
|
exchange with air
|
|
inverse stratification in winter
|
ice blocks wind
(O* h2o on top of 4* h2o = stable strat. bc more dense is below less dense |
|
turnover
|
lake mixes -- all become SAME TEMP
|
|
amictic lake never mixes bc
|
always covered w/ ice
or has salt layer |
|
cold monomictic reason why doesn't mix in summer
|
too windy / cool in summer to stratify
|
|
warm monomictic reason why no strat in winter
|
too warm / no ice
|
|
type of mixing / turnover pattern based on
|
altitude / latitude
|
|
DO % at sea level due to pressure
|
100%
|
|
trout can only live in
|
cold h2o
more o2 in cold h2o |
|
DO concentration goes up in hypolimnion in oligotrophic bc
|
cooler
|
|
anoxic hypolimnion
|
no o2 there
|
|
less DO in warm water bc
|
O2 more soluble in cold
+ warm = more respiration = less o2 |
|
why more o2 in deep lakes
|
more water - bigger hypolimnion - greater buffer for o2
|
|
advection and o2
|
cold water replenishes hypolimnion
(more o2) |
|
clinograde curve occurs in
|
late summer
leads to eutrophic lake |
|
stratified oligotrophic -- why more DO goes deeper ?
|
unproductive lake -- the o2 stays saturated in the winter
|
|
when no stratification DO...
|
same from top to bottom
AND in equilibrium with the atmosphere |